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Protective effect of trans-galacto-oligosaccharides (TOS) on deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced adverse effects on Caco-2 cell monolayer. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in cell supernatant (a); IL-8/CXCL8 concentration in cell supernatant (b); trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) (c) and lucifer yellow flux (d). Data are presented as mean ± SEM of 3 independent experiments performed in triplicate. * p < 0.05 and *** p < 0.001 indicate statistical differences.
