Table 1.
Evaluation of seminal parameters according to infection with HPV, CT, or HPV + CT coinfection.
| Parameter | HPV 1 | CT 2 | HPV + CT 3 | p | Normal Range |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (frequency) | 55/81 (68%) | 11/81 (13.5%) | 15/81 (18.5%) | ||
| Age (years) † | 31.40 ± 5.84 | 30.27 ± 4.07 | 33.38 ± 4.13 | >0.05 | |
| Volume (mL) † | 3.29 ± 1.34 a | 2.19 ± 1.35 | 3.22 ± 0.96 | <0.05 | (1.5–5 mL) |
| pH ‡ | 8 (7.00–8.00) | 8 (7.5–8.00) | 8.00 (8.00–8.00) | (7.2–7.8) | |
| Total sperm number (million/ejaculate) ‡ | 93.00 (46.00–156.00) | 56.00 (32.80–148.00) | 77.00 (49.00–134.00) | >0.05 | (>39) |
| Sperm count per mL (million/mL) ‡ | 24 (15.00–52.00) | 44.00 (15.30–97.00) | 25.00 (16.00–48.00) | >0.05 | (>15 million/mL) |
| Normal sperm morphology (%) † | 2.27 ± 1.42 a | 5.64 ± 2.87 | 2.67 ± 2.58 c | <0.05 | (≥4%) |
| Abnormal sperm morphology (%) † | 97.73 ± 1.42 a | 94.36 ± 2.87 | 97.33 ± 2.58 c | <0.05 | |
| Head defects (%) † | 41.95 ± 8.70 | 43.82 ± 12.40 | 47.33 ± 13.71 | >0.05 | |
| Midpiece defects (%) † | 25.82 ± 8.34 | 24.00 ± 13.19 | 23.27 ± 4.49 | >0.05 | |
| Tail defects (%) † | 30.00 ± 12.19 | 26.27 ± 19.12 | 23.20 ± 14.30 | >0.05 | |
| Total progressive motility (% A + B) † | 43.87 ± 20.00 | 45.00 ± 22.50 | 47.33 ± 18.45 | >0.05 | (≥32%) |
| Fast progressive motility (% A) † | 5.96 ± 14.84 | 34.17 ± 28.29 | 2.00 ± 1.34 c | <0.05 | |
| Low progressive motility (% B) † | 38 ± 18.61 a | 10.83 ± 23.22 | 45.33 ± 17.44 c | <0.05 | |
| Leukocytes (million) ‡ | 0.8 (0.350–1.70) | 0.42 (0.110–1.48) | 0.700 (0.300–1.070) | >0.05 | (≤1 million) |
1 Infertile men with human papillomavirus infection. 2 Infertile men with Chlamydia trachomatis infection. 3 Infertile men coinfected with human papillomavirus and Chlamydia trachomatis. All data are expressed as mean ± SD or median (25th–75th percentile). † ANOVA with post hoc Tukey; ‡ Kruskal–Wallis test. a HPV vs. CT group (p < 0.05); c CT vs. HPV + CT group (p < 0.05).