Table 2.
Levels of seminal proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress biomarkers in the groups.
| Variable | HPV 1 | CT 2 | HPV + CT 3 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IFN-γ (pg/mL) ‡ | 524.25 (226.45–764.62) a | ND | 141.50 (39.00–911.90) c | <0.05 |
| IL-1β (pg/mL) ‡ | 141.33 (0–337.68) a | 0.000 (0–1.33) | 328.00 (141.33–1303.00) b, c | <0.05 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) ‡ | 203.30 (0.400–203.33) a | ND | 190.80 (36.8–271.80) c | <0.05 |
| LPO (nmol MDA/mg protein) ‡ | 9.00 (7.04–12.23) a | 4.21 (2.42–4.34) | 7.45 (4.91–10.70) c | <0.05 |
| 8-OHdG (ng/mL) * | 8.29 (8.04–8.68) a | 1.9 (1.85–5.05) | 8.20 (7.85–8.92) | <0.05 |
| TAC (µmol/L) † | 590.05 ± 401.11 a | 1086.91 ± 273.57 | 713.44 ± 481.11 c | <0.05 |
1 Infertile men with human papillomavirus infection. 2 Infertile men with Chlamydia trachomatis infection. 3 Infertile men coinfected with human papillomavirus and Chlamydia trachomatis. Not detected, ND; interferon gamma, IFN-γ; interleukin-1 beta, IL-1β; interleukin-6, IL-6; lipid peroxidation, LPO; malondialdehyde, MDA; 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG; total antioxidant capacity, TAC. All data are expressed as mean ± SD or median (25th–75th percentile). * Mann–Whitney U; † ANOVA with post hoc Tukey; ‡ Kruskal–Wallis test. a HPV vs. CT group (p < 0.05); b HPV vs. HPV + CT group (p < 0.05); c CT vs. HPV + CT group (p < 0.05).