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. 2021 Sep 13;13(18):4588. doi: 10.3390/cancers13184588

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Sex hormone pathways involved in kidney cancer. AKT: protein kinase B; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; JAK: Janus kinase; TGFβ1: transforming growth factor β1; SMAD3: small mother against decapentaplegic homolog 3; DAB2IP: disabled homolog 2-interacting protein; VEGFα: vascular endothelial growth factor α; HIF2α: hypoxia-induced factor 2α; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; GLI2: GLI Family Zinc Finger 2; ASS1: argininosuccinate synthase 1; ASS1P3: ASS1 pseudogene 3; DHT: dihydrotestosterone; STAT5: signal transducer and activator of transcription 5; GPER: G protein coupled estrogen receptor; MMP9: matrix metallopeptidase 9; HOTAIR: HOX transcript antisense RNA; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; CXCL5: C-X-C motif chemokine 5; Bid: BH3 interacting-domain death agonist; Casp-3, -8, -9: caspase-3, -6, -9.