Figure 1.

Diagnostic workflow of our comprehensive PCD-UNIBE diagnostic center. “PCD positive” and “high evidence for PCD” are considered as a diagnosis of PCD. For patients with a high clinical suspicion, we usually perform all available methods. ¹ As a clinical screening, the PICADAR-Score [22] may be useful. ² Further investigations (HSVM, IF, and TEM) are preferably conducted by analyzing the material of the ALI cell cultures. A re-brushing is considered if cell culture was not successful. When re-brushing was not possible, fresh material was used. ³ We recommend further investigations (e.g., RNA-analysis or array-CGH) if other results suggest PCD. Abbreviations: ALI: air-liquid interface, HSVM: high-speed-videomicroscopy, IF: immunofluorescence staining, nNO: nasal nitric oxide, PCD: primary ciliary dyskinesia, TEM: transmission electron microscopy.