Figure 3.
Autophagy inhibitors dorsomorphin, MRT68921, and chloroquine trigger apoptotic cell death in primary CLL cells. CLL cells (1 × 106 cells/mL) were treated with (a) dorsomorphin (n = 4), (b) MRT68921 (n = 3), and (c) chloroquine (n = 3) for 24 h without or with the pan-caspase inhibitor QVD-OPh. Afterward, cells were stained with propidium iodide (PI) and the cell viability was determined by flow cytometry. Data are means ± SEM of ≥3 independent experiments, each carried out in duplicate. Student’s t-test was used. Not significant (ns), ∗, and ∗∗ denote p > 0.05, p < 0.05, and p < 0.01, respectively. (d) Representative dot plot diagram for phosphatidylserine exposure as a measure of cell death. Patient-derived cells were treated with dorsomorphin, MRT68921, and chloroquine for 24 h, followed by ANV/SB staining.