Figure 2.

Effect of magnolol and magnolol-containing extracts on diabetes and diabetes-related condition. AGEs, advanced glycation end products; Akt, protein kinase B; CYP2E1, cytochrome P450 2E1; GLUT4, glucose transporter 4; IL-6, interleukin 6; IL-10, interleukin 10; iNOS, induced nitric oxide synthase; IRS1, insulin receptor substrate 1; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MDA, malondialdehyde; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; PTP1B, protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor β1; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.