Table 2.

The possible mechanisms of d-allulose in various physiological functions.

Physiological Functions	Possible Mechanisms
Anti-obesity	Inhibition of the synthase activity for fatty acid production; increase of energy expenditure [45], and inhibition of 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation [47].
Anti-diabetes	Inhibition of intestinal α-glucosidase [53], suppression of the glycemic response upon carbohydrate ingestion [53], and reduction of postprandial glucose levels [56,57].
Anti-atherosclerosis	Inhibition of the expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 [43], decrease of serum PCSK9 levels [49], and enhancement of hepatic HDL-cholesterol uptake via SR-B1 [58].
Anti-inflammatory	Decrease of the expression levels of gene Gm12250 [44].
Anti-oxidation	Effective scavenging of reactive oxygen radicals [59].