Table 1.

Murine parasitic infections that engage ETC activity ¹.

Parasite	Region of Infection	Migration/Invasiveness of Parasite	Host Immune Response	Type of Infection	Receptors Implicated in ETC Activation	TRPM5 → ETC Hyperplasia?	Evidence of ETC Mediator Post Infection
Helminths
Nematodes
Nippostrongylus brasiliensis	Lung, SI	Migratory: skin → lungs → GI tract [45]	Th2	Acute	Not via SUCNR1 [56]	Yes [56]	IL-25: Yes [6,9] CysLT: Yes [57]
Heligosmoides polygyrus	SI: duodenum, jejunum	Non-migratory Invasive: invades intestinal epithelium [50]	Th2	Chronic	Not via TAS1R3 [58]	Yes [6,62]	IL-25: Yes [63] CysLT: Yes [57]
Trichinella spiralis	SI: jejunum	Migratory: stomach → intestine → lymphatics → muscles [48,49]	Th2	Acute (intestine) Chronic (muscle)	TAS2R (tested ex vivo) [8]	Yes [8]	IL-25: Yes [8] CysLT: ?
Trematodes
Echinistoma caproni	SI: ileum	Non-migratory Attaches to mucosa [55]	Th1 (1°) Th2 (2°)	Chronic (1°) Acute (2°)	?	?	Il-25 (mRNA): No (1°), Yes (2°) [10,53,63] CysLT: ?
Protozoan
Tritrichomonas spp.	SI: ileum; colon,cecum	Non-migratory Non-invasive [59,60]	Th2 (SI) Th1,Th17 (colon,cecum)	Chronic: commensal microbe	SUCNR1 (Tm, Tr) [23,56] TAS1R3 (baseline regulation of ETCs) (Tm) [58]	Yes [62]	Il-25 (mRNA): Yes (Tm, Tr) [23,56] CysLT: No (T. mu) [57]

¹ ETC = enteric tuft cell, TRPM5 = Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 5, IL-25 = interleukin 25, CysLT = cysteinyl leukotriene, SI = small intestine, SUCNR1 = succinate receptor, TAS1R3 = sweet/umami taste receptor subunit, TAS2R = bitter taste receptor, 1° = primary infection, 2° = secondary infection, “?”= no data found, Tm = Tritrichomonas muris, Tr = Tritrichomonas rainier, T. mu = Tritrichomonas musculis.