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Hairy root induction from P. ginseng. (A) Fresh 4-year root of ginseng. (B) Explants from the fresh 4-year root. (C) Putative hairy roots appeared after 4 weeks of culture induced by A. rhizogenes A4. (D) Hairy root lines with normal phenotypic characteristics were confirmed by RT-PCR using the landmark genes rolB and rolC. Screened hairy roots were cultured on solid (E) and liquid (F) ½ MS mediums.
