Table 1.
Detailed information of different targets, detection methods and diagnostic accuracy for LAMP assays developed for the diagnosis of malaria.
| Target Gene(s) | LAMP Assay | Detection Methods | Plasmodium Strain Used | Clinical Sample/Extraction Method | Sensitivity | Specificity | Time and Temperature for Positivity | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18S Ribosomal RNA gene sequence | OneStep turbidimetric conventional LAMP assay | Turbidimetric assay; naked eye |
P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale, P. knowlesi. yoelii |
Heat-treated/extracted DNA from clinical blood samples | 95–98.5% | 94.3–99% | 60 °C for 30–120 min | [13,14] |
| OneStep SYBR Green conventional LAMP assay | Fluorimetric assay-SYBR Green I and UV light; naked eye |
Plasmodium spp., P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae |
Extracted parasite DNA from peripheral/placental blood, saliva and/or urine | 88.9–100% | 90–100% | 60–65 °C for 30–100 min | [15,16,17,18,19,20,21] | |
| Malachite Green-LAMP WarmStart-LAMP |
Colorimetric assay-malachite green dye and UV light; phenol red; naked eye |
Plasmodium spp., P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae |
Parasite DNA extracted from clinical blood sample by the boil and spin method | 95–100% | 100% | 63 °C for 60 min | [22,23] | |
| Real-Time fluorescence LAMP/ Multiplex microfluidic LAMP (mμLAMP) |
Real-time fluorescence detector- SYTO-9/SYBR green amplification fluorescence peak/hydroxynaphthol blue (HNB) |
P. vivax, P. falciparum |
Clinical blood samples | 95–97% | 91–100% | 62–64 °C for 60–90 min | [24,25,26] | |
| Mitochondrial DNA target (cox1 genes/cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 gene/others) | OneStep SYBR Green/Calcein conventional LAMP assay/LoopampTM Malaria Pan/Pf Detection kit (POC) | Fluorimetric assay-SYBR Green I/calcein and UV light; naked eye |
Plasmodium spp., P. vivax, P. falciparum |
Dried blood spot (DBS)/venous blood sample | 83.3–98% | 100% | 65 °C for 30–60 min | [27,28,29] |
| Illumigene Malaria LAMP | Turbidometric assay |
P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malaria, P. knowlesi |
Parasite DNA from whole blood | 95% | 95% | 62–65 °C for 60 min | [30] | |
| High-Throughput, Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (HtLAMP) | Colorimetric assay-hydroxynaphtholblue (HNB); naked eye | P. vivax | Parasite DNA from the whole blood sample. | 95% | 93% | 65 °C for 30 min | [31] | |
| Real-Time fluorescence LAMP (OptiGene) |
Fluorometrically assay-SYBR green; naked eye |
P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae, and P. ovale |
Parasite DNA extracted from dried blood spots/dried saliva spots/urine | 90–96.7% | 85–91.7% | 63–65 °C for 30–90 min | [32] | |
| Apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1) gene sequence | OneStep conventional LAMP | Fluorimetric assay- SYBR Green I; SYBR® Safe DNA gel stain and UV light; | P. knowlesi | Parasite DNA extracted from blood | 100% | 100% | 64 °C for 60 min | [33] |
| Apicoplast genome | Conventional LAMP | naked eye | P. falciparum | Dried blood spot (DBS) sample | 92 | 97 | 65 °C for 60 min | [34] |
| Exported protein 1 (PfExp1) | Reverse transcription fluorescence -LAMP | amplification fluorescence peak | P. falciparum | RNA from freed parasite pellets | 90% | Could not be determined * | 68 °C for 60 min | [35] |
* The specificity was not tested against the real-time PCR confirmed cases, and the data from true positives and negatives are not available for determining the specificity of the PfEXp1 target.