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. 2021 Aug 25;10(9):1989. doi: 10.3390/foods10091989

Table 2.

Formulation of vitamin D for food fortification.

Structures
and Vitamin D Loading		 Components PSD and Average Size ζ-Potential Ref.
O/W emulsions
S, small;
M, medium;
L, large
50 mg vitamin D2/100 g oil		 Vitamin D2, corn oil, Tween® 80, phosphate buffer Monomodal
S: 0.11 μm,
M: 0.53 μm,
L: 14.5 μm (volume moment-weighted mean diameter)		 S: −12.4 mV, M: −14.1 mV,
L: −13.8 mV		 [36]
O/W nanoemulsion
4 g vitamin D3 /100 g oil		 Vitamin D3, corn oil, quillaja saponin, phosphate buffer Monomodal
0.14 µm (mean particle diameter)		 −36.4 mV [47]
W1/O/W2 double emulsion
7 mg vitamin D3/100 g oil		 Vitamin D3, vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin C, chokeberry extract, folic acid, rapeseed oil, polyglycerol polyricinoleate, milk protein, sodium chloride, water Monomodal
37.65 µm (volume moment-weighted mean diameter)		 [48]
Liposomes
20 g vitamin D3/100 g lipid phase		 Vitamin D3, phospholipids, cholesterol in ethanol, distilled water Monomodal
354.91 nm (equivalent volume diameter at 50% cumulative volume)		 −27.62 mV [50]
rCMs: reassembled casein micelles
1.38–1.46 mg vitamin D3/100 mg casein		 Vitamin D3 in ethanol, sodium caseinate in water, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, potassium citrate, calcium chloride Monomodal
from 16.10 to 19.04 µm (average volume-weighted particle sizes)		 from −17.3 to −17.8 mV [61]
rCMs: reassembled casein micelles
1.6 mg vitamin D3/100 mg casein		 Vitamin D3 in ethanol, sodium caseinate in water, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, tripotassium citrate, calcium chloride Bimodal
89 nm and 277 nm (volume moment-weighted mean diameter)		 [26]
rCMs: reassembled casein micelles
1 µg vitamin D2/100 mg casein		 Vitamin D2 in ethanol, micellar casein in sweet whey permeate Monomodal
from 145 to 303 nm (mean hydrodynamic diameter)		 [62]
β-Conglycinin nanoparticles
10 µg vitamin D3/100 mg β-conglycinin		 Vitamin D3 in ethanol, β-conglycinin, phosphate buffer Bimodal
31 nm and 120 nm (volume weighted average particle diameter)		 [63]
Zein nanocapsules
vitamin D3 loading not specified		 Vitamin D3 in ethanol, zein, Tween® 80 Monomodal
185.7 ± 2.10 nm (Z-average size)		 24.5 mV [52]

PSD: particle size distribution.