Table 2.
Incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) from multivariable mixed-effect negative binomial models: Association between protests and two-week post-protest COVID-19 hospitalization across California counties (29 March–14 October 2020).
| All Counties (n = 55 Counties) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| IRR (95% CI) | IRR (95% CI) | |
| Any protests | 0.953 (0.889; 1.020) |
-- |
| No protests | 1.00 | -- |
| 1 protest | -- | 0.953 (0.891; 1.019) |
| >1 protest | -- | 0.951 (0.867; 1.044) |
| No protests | -- | 1.00 |
| % of devices staying at home | 0.974 * (0.953; 0.994) |
0.974 * (0.953; 0.994) |
| Healthy Places Index | 0.794 (0.259; 2.439) |
0.794 (0.258; 2.439) |
| % with diabetes | 1.041 (0.937; 1.156) |
1.041 (0.937; 1.156) |
| % obese | 0.956 * (0.921; 0.993) |
0.956 * (0.921; 0.993) |
| % smokers | 0.892 (0.741; 1.074) |
0.892 (0.741; 1.074) |
| % male | 0.950 (0.892; 1.013) |
0.950 (0.892; 1.013) |
| Median age | 1.028 (0.944; 1.120) |
1.028 (0.944; 1.120) |
| % Hispanic | 1.035 * (1.018; 1.053) |
1.035 * (1.018; 1.053) |
| % Black 1 | 1.093 * (1.049; 1.139) |
1.093 * (1.049; 1.139) |
| % AI/AN 2 | 1.226 * (1.095; 1.372) |
1.226 * (1.095; 1.372) |
| % of urban housing units | 1.021 * (1.005; 1.037) |
1.021 * (1.005; 1.037) |
| Democratic county | 0.624 * (0.406; 0.959) |
0.624 * (0.406; 0.960) |
| Republican county | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Spline 1 (before 1 June) | 0.987 * (0.978; 0.996) |
0.987 * (0.978; 0.996) |
| Spline 2 (1 June–21 July) | 1.040 * (1.026; 1.053) |
1.040 * (1.026; 1.053) |
| Spline 3 (22 July–14 October) | 0.960 * (0.954; 0.967) |
0.960 * (0.954; 0.967) |
1 Non-Hispanic Black or African American; 2 Non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native; * p < 0.05.