Table 4.

Studies on the effect of macronutrients and bioactive rice compounds in the glycemic index of foods, blood glucose and insulin, and oxidative stress.

Compound	Model/Dose	Effect *	Reference
Rice Proteins	Wistar rats, diet supplemented with 50–200 mg rice albumin/Kg weight after 15 min of oral starch or glucose administration (1 g/Kg weight)	↓ Blood glucose	[93]
	In vitro digestion: native rice protein (12%, pressure cooking 95 °C 30 min) + wheat starch (70%) + digestive enzymes, during 30 min	↓ RDS content after pressure cooking Native rice protein promotes starch-protein interaction and restricts starch hydration and enzymatic cleavage	[45]
	Chinese males, diet: drink rich in carbohydrates (50 g) + rice protein (24 g) during 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min	↓ Post-prandial blood glucose	[94]
	In vitro digestion: rice flour with and without endogenous protein (8.4%) + starch enzymes, during digestion	↓ Starch digestibility in rice flour with endogenous protein (GI = 92.3 to GI = 88.9)	[55]
Resistant Starch	In vitro digestion: cookies with 50% rice flour + 50% RS from de-branched (RSa) or from acid and heat-moisture (RSc)	↓ Starch digestibility reducing cookies estimated GI	[42]
	In vivo: healthy and T2DM individuals: meals contained PPB-R-203-derived rice/noodles enriched with RS (10% of starch),3 days	↓ Blood glucose and insulin ↓ Postprandial hyperglycemia in T2DM individuals	[44]
γ-oryzanol	STZ treated Wistar rats; diet supplemented with oryzanol from rice bran 50 and 100 mg/Kg/day, 8 weeks	↓ Serum glucose ↓ Oxidative stress	[18]
Phytic acid (PA)	Wistar rat diet supplemented with PA at 10 to 13 g diet/day, 3 weeks	↓ Blood glucose	[95]
	Diabetic Wistar albino rats supplemented with 650 mg PA/kg, 28 days	↓ Blood glucose	[96]
	C57BL/6N mice; 3 g diet/day contained 0.5% PA, 7 weeks	↓ Blood glucose	[97]
	Diabetic KK mice, diet with 0.5–1.0% sodium phytate, 8 weeks	↓ Blood glucose	[98]
Ferulic Acid (FA)	C57BL/KsJ-db/db diabetic mice; diet supplemented with FA from rice, 0.05 g/kg/day, 17 days	↓ Blood glucose ↑ Plasma insulin	[99]
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)	C57BL/6 mouse diet supplemented with 2 mg/mL GABA, 20 weeks	↓ Glucose intolerance ↓ Fasting blood glucose	[100]
Tocopherols and tocotrienols (vitamin E)	Overweight individuals group supplemented with 800–1200 IU vitamin E/day, 3 months	↓ Fasting plasma glucose and insulin	[101]
	Sprague–Dawley diabetic rats; diet with vitamin E extract (1 g/kg weight), 12 weeks	↓ Blood glucose	[102]

* “↑” means increase; “↓” means decrease.