Table 5.

Effect of macronutrients and bioactive rice compounds in α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities.

Compound	Model/Dose	Effect	Reference
Rice Proteins	Protein hydrolysates from rice bran (cultivar Reiziq); 10 mg/mL + in vitro enzyme preparations + 1% starch solution, 240 min	High inhibition of starch enzymes activities by albumin and glutelin	[65]
γ-oryzanol	40 µL α-amylase 50 U/mg + 0.5 mL γ-oryzanol + 40 µL of starch 1%; 100 µL α-glucosidase 50 U/mg + 5 mg γ-oryzanol, 30 min	Inhibition of α-amylase (IC50 = 0.78 mg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 0.81 mg/mL) *	[106]
Phytic acid (PA)	1 U/mL α-amylase + 0.25–8 µg PA/mL, 3 min; 5–100 µ g PA/mL + ~0.1 mL α-glucosidase + starch solution 0.5%, 60 min	Inhibition of α-amylase (IC50 = 1.2 µg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50 =3.2 µg/mL) *	[96]
Ferulic Acid (FA)	In vitro: 100 mg Rat intestinal acetone powder + 10 µL maltase or 40 µL sucrase + 0–1 mM FA, 30–60 min	Inhibition of α-glucosidase (IC50 = 0.79 mM) and intestinal maltase and sucrase (IC50 = 0.45 mM) *	[107]
	20 µL α-glucosidase from baker’s yeast + 20 µL FA, 30 min	Inhibition of α-glucosidase (IC50 = 0.8 mg/mL) *	[99]
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)	50 µL α-glucosidase 0.2 U/mL + 50 µL cell-free extract from yeasts containing GABA (86.2–179.2 µL/mL), 30 min	Anti-hyperglycemic effect High inhibition of α-glucosidase (up to 72.3%)	[108]

* IC₅₀-concentration at which a compound exerts half of its maximal inhibitory effect.