Table 6.

Effect of macronutrients and bioactive rice compounds in the modulation of SGLT1 and GLUT2.

Compound	Model/Dose	Effect	Reference
Rice Proteins	Intestinal STC-1 cells with 100 μg of tripsin-digested rice albumin/mL, 48 h	Suppressed SGLT1	[113]
Phytic acid (PA)	Piglets (Yorkshire-Landracex Duroc) supplemented with 2 g PA or Na phytate/1 kg diet, 10 days	↓ Crypt depth in the jejunum ↓ SGLT1 expression in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum ↓ Nutrient utilization in pigs, which is involved in glucose and Na absorption	[114]
Ferulic acid (FA)	Caco-2 cells, 0–0.1 mg/mL FA, 15 min; Xenopus laevis oocytes, 100–300 µM FA, 30 min	↓ Glucose uptake in Caco-2 cells Block glucose uptake in oocytes ≥100 μM ↓ GLUT2 in oocytes	[115]

“↑” means increase; “↓” means decrease.