Table 2.
Mean, standard deviation, median, minimum, and maximum values obtained for acid oils (AO) from chemical refining and fatty acid distillates (FAD) from physical refining.
| Parameter | Acid Oils (AO, n = 79) | Fatty Acid Distillates (FAD, n = 13) | p 1 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Median | Min | Max | Mean ± SD | Median | Min | Max | ||
| C12:0 (%) | 0.1 ± 0.91 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 8.1 | 13.1 ± 17.07 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 36.4 | <0.001 |
| C14:0 (%) | 0.2 ± 0.40 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 3.6 | 8.0 ± 9.63 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 24.0 | <0.001 |
| C16:0 (%) | 13.6 ± 4.14 | 13.0 | 8.1 | 25.2 | 29.1 ± 16.44 | 18.9 | 10.3 | 47.5 | 0.001 |
| C18:0 (%) | 6.9 ± 6.93 | 3.9 | 2.3 | 25.0 | 4.5 ± 1.74 | 4.5 | 1.8 | 8.2 | 0.594 |
| C18:1 n-9 (%) | 40.5 ± 14.74 | 36.6 | 21.1 | 67.1 | 31.7 ± 21.05 | 35.7 | 9.3 | 71.6 | 0.173 |
| C18:2 n-6 (%) | 32.1 ± 18.07 | 36.8 | 10.2 | 59.2 | 6.6 ± 3.37 | 8.5 | 2.3 | 10.8 | <0.001 |
| C18:3 n-3 (%) | 1.4 ± 1.03 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 5.3 | 0.3 ± 0.32 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 1.2 | <0.001 |
| SFA (%) 2 | 23.0 ± 10.62 | 18.5 | 14.2 | 49.1 | 59.8 ± 25.74 | 53.8 | 12.8 | 87.6 | <0.001 |
| cis-MUFA (%) 2 | 42.5 ± 15.31 | 38.1 | 22.7 | 69.5 | 33.0 ± 22.43 | 36.7 | 9.6 | 76.8 | 0.121 |
| trans-C18:1 (%) 2 | 0.9 ± 0.82 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 4.5 | 0.2 ± 0.10 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.5 | <0.001 |
| n-6 PUFA (%) 2 | 32.2 ± 18.05 | 36.8 | 10.2 | 59.2 | 6.7 ± 3.39 | 8.5 | 2.3 | 10.9 | <0.001 |
| n-3 PUFA (%) 2 | 1.4 ± 1.03 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 5.3 | 0.3 ± 0.32 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 1.2 | <0.001 |
| UFA/SFA ratio 3 | 4.0 ± 1.38 | 4.4 | 1.0 | 6.1 | 1.4 ± 2.13 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 6.8 | <0.001 |
| T (mg/kg) | 1167.1 ± 1234.52 | 813.1 | 126.1 | 8464.4 | 113.8 ± 117.93 | 65.6 | 1.8 | 350.0 | <0.001 |
| T3 (mg/kg) | 48.3 ± 80.21 | 21.8 | 0.0 | 454.7 | 179.9 ± 194.13 | 89.3 | 0.0 | 513.9 | 0.065 |
| T + T3 (mg/kg) | 1215.4 ± 1247.57 | 840.7 | 126.1 | 8514.0 | 293.7 ± 287.64 | 192.0 | 1.8 | 853.7 | <0.001 |
| PV (meq O2/kg) | 1.0 ± 1.12 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 6.5 | 1.0 ± 0.88 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 3.3 | 0.791 |
| p-AnV | 18.4 ± 9.39 | 16.4 | 6.2 | 54.5 | 36.1 ± 20.31 | 36.4 | 11.1 | 62.1 | 0.006 |
| POL (%) 4 | 2.6 ± 1.58 | 2.5 | ND | 6.8 | ND | ND | ND | ND | <0.001 |
| IT (h) 5 | 31.1 ± 36.83 | 20.5 | 1.0 | 192.9 | 8.1 ± 17.26 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 61.9 | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: SFA, saturated fatty acids; cis-MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; UFA/SFA ratio, unsaturated/saturated ratio; T, sum of α-, β-, γ-, and δ-Tocopherol; T3, sum of α-, β-, γ-, and δ-Tocotrienol; T + T3, sum of tocopherols and tocotrienols; PV, peroxide value; p-AnV, p-Anisidine value; POL, polymeric compounds; IT, induction time; SD, standard deviation; ND, not detected. 1 p values were obtained from Mann–Whitney U-test for independent samples to compare medians between AO and FADs. p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. 2 Table shows the sums of fatty acids, including all the identified and quantified FA, expressed as internal area normalization in %. SFA includes: C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C11:0, C12:0, C13:0, C14:0, C15:0, C16:0, C17:0, C18:0, C20:0, C21:0, C22:0, C23:0, and C24:0; cis-MUFA includes C16:1 n-9, C16:1 n-7, C18:1 n-9, C18:1 n-7, and C20:1 n-9; n-6 PUFA includes C18:2 n-6 and C20:2 n-6; n-3 PUFA includes C18:3 n-3; trans-C18:1 includes a sum of positional isomers. 3 To calculate the UFA/SFA ratio, the following relationship was considered: the sum of cis-MUFA, cis-PUFA, and trans-C18:1/ SFA. 4 POL was quantified by internal peak area normalization in % (in relation to the sum of the peak areas of all lipid classes POL, triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols, and free fatty acids). In FAD, n = 8 for POL, as lipid classes could not be determined in the lauric FAD samples. 5 In AO, n = 69 for IT, as IT value could not be determined for 10 AO samples.