Figure 1.

Fisetin protects HaCaT keratinocytes against PM_2.5-induced apoptosis. The HaCaT keratinocytes were treated with fisetin (0–20 µM) for 24 h. (A) Morphological changes were observed by phase-contrast microscopy (10×). Scale bar = 40 µm. (B) Cell viability was measured using a Muse Count & Viability Kit. Graphical representation of the population of viable (bottom left) and dead cells (bottom right). (C) The cells were pretreated with fisetin (0–20 µM) for 2 h prior to exposure to 100 µg/mL PM_2.5 for 24 h. Apoptosis was measured using a Muse Annexin V & Dead Cell Assay Kit. Graphical representation of the population of early/late apoptotic cells (bottom). *** p < 0.001 and * p < 0.05 vs. untreated cells and ^# p < 0.05 vs. PM_2.5-treated cells.