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. 2021 Sep 17;9(9):1252. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9091252

Figure 2.

Figure 2

The 5/6 nephrectomy-induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) mouse models show impaired working memory. The serum levels of BUN (panel (A)), creatinine (panel (A)), and indoxyl sulfate (IS, panel (B)) of the 5/6 nephrectomy mice were significantly higher than those of sham-control mice at 4 and 8 weeks. However, p-cresol sulfate (PCS) levels significantly increased at week 4 but dropped back at week 8 (panel (B)). These findings suggest that the 5/6 nephrectomy procedure could successfully establish CKD animal models. The Y-maze behavioral test was performed at 4 and 8 weeks after the 5/6 nephrectomy procedure to examine working memory, which is also referred to as hippocampal function (panel (C)). The Y-maze test revealed significantly decreased cognitive function compared with the sham control group at 8 weeks after 5/6 nephrectomy surgery. Wn (walking number): number of times the animal passes different arms within 5 min; Cn (cycle number): number of times the animal goes through the three arms (n = 8, * p ≤ 0.1; ** p ≤ 0.01; *** p ≤ 0.001).