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. 2021 Sep 17;9(9):1252. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9091252

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Hippocampal inflammation in CKD mice was effectively suppressed by AST-120 administration. Immunohistochemistry staining against IL-1β and IL-18 was used to examine hippocampal inflammation. There was significantly increased IL-1β (panel (A)) and IL-18 (panel (B)) expression in the hippocampal of CKD mice, which was effectively suppressed by AST-120 administration (panel (C)). Similarly, the Western blotting assay revealed increased IL-1β, IL-18, and caspase-1 expression in the hippocampus of CKD mice, which was reverted by AST-120 administration (panel (D,E)). The results suggested that decreased IS levels could ameliorate hippocampal inflammation. (Scale bar 100×: 200 μm, 400×: 50 μm, * p ≤ 0.1; ** p ≤ 0.01; *** p ≤ 0.00; n = 3 for immunohistochemistry, 6 images were taken from each animal; n = 6 for Western blotting).