Table 1.

Autonomic nervous system related clinical and preclinical findings in schizophrenia.

ANS Assessment	Clinical Findings	References	Preclinical Findings	References
Blood pressure	Moderately higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure	[39]
Blood pressure variability	No changes	[39]
Heart rate variability	Reduced complexity	[7,46,47]
Thermoregulation	Abnormal diurnal variation of body temperature	[48]	PCP rat model: Acute PCP: hypothermia Chronic PCP: hyperthermia Perinatal PCP: long-lasting effect on the baseline temperature	[49,50]
	Impaired ability to heat stress adaptation Higher skin conductance Disturbed sympathetic skin responses	[44,48,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60]	Wisket rat model: Higher body temperature, Higher alteration rate	[61]
	Higher rate of sweating	[62]
Pupil function	Increased resting pupil diameter	[8]	Wisket rat model: Sedation—several parameters disturbed Anesthesia—prolonged constriction and redilation processes, blunted differences	[63]
	A “sluggish” parasympathetic function by light	[64]
	Decreased stimulus sensitivity	[12]
Gastrointestinal system	Increased tachygastria, arrhythmia	[62]
	Delayed gastric emptying, diabetic gastroparesis	[62,65]
	Correlation between salivary α-amylase level and psychiatric symptoms	[66]
Urinary system	Enhanced urinary frequency, urgency, incontinence and detrusor hyperreflexia	[67]	Wisket rat model: decreased bladder volume	[68]

Abbreviations: ANS: autonomic nervous system, PCP: phencyclidine.