Table 4.
Some therapeutic options may influence the KP.
| Molecule/Therapy | Action Mechanism | Effect | Preclinical Model | Ref. | Clinical Study | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1-methyl-d-tryptophan | IDO inhibitor | Decreased neuroinflammation and oxidative stress | Ketamine-induced schizophrenia rat model | [130] | ||
| Allopurinol | TDO inhibitor | Antioxidant effect | Ketamine-induced schizophrenia rat model | [130] | ||
| Improved depressive-like behavior | Chronic stress-induced depression mice model | [261] | ||||
| d-cycloserine | KAT inhibitor | Improved cognitive functions | Schizophrenia | [262,263] | ||
| PF-04859989 | KAT inhibitor | Restored glutamate release events | Rat model exhibiting elevated KYNA levels | [264] | ||
| Angiotensin receptor blockers | KAT inhibitor | Reduced KYNA production | Rat cortical slice | [215,265,266,267] | ||
| Ro 61-8048 | KMO inhibitor | Neuroprotection | Gerbil and rat model of brain ischemia | [268] | ||
| Leucine | Large neutral amino acid transporter 1 blocker | Prevented systemic KYN from entering into the brain | Depression-like mice model | [198] | ||
| VNS | Anti-inflammatory, Improved heart rate variability, low moods and emotional symptoms |
Depression | [269,270] | |||
| Anti-inflammatory via α7nAChRs | Schizophrenia | [247] | ||||
| Dipyridamol | Adenosine reuptake inhibitor | Greater improvement in positive symptoms and general psychopathology symptoms | Schizophrenia | [271] |
Abbreviation: VNS: vagal nerve stimulation.