. 2021 Sep 7;11(9):2617. doi: 10.3390/ani11092617

Table 5.

Effects of probiotics and Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharides on small intestinal morphology and intraepithelial lymphocyte in piglets.

Items	CON ¹	ANT ¹	PRO ¹	ABPS ¹	P-ABPS ¹	SEM	p-Value
Duodenum
Villus height	412.37	408.42	415.17	423.29	419.34	8.81	0.221
Crypt depth	173.07	169.11	171.45	181.22	177.09	4.80	0.429
VH/CD	2.38	2.42	2.42	2.34	2.37	0.04	0.141
Intraepithelial lymphocyte	39.67 ^c	83.00 ^b	93.67 ^a	90.00 ^a	95.33 ^a	17.85	0.009
Jejunum
Villus height	387.21 ^b	385.07 ^b	390.19 ^ab	397.92 ^a	394.83 ^a	5.31	0.034
Crypt depth	139.41	137.34	141.15	146.96	144.13	3.81	0.262
VH/CD	2.78	2.80	2.76	2.71	2.74	0.04	0.901
Intraepithelial lymphocyte	48.75 ^b	79.30 ^ab	88.30 ^ab	81.70 ^ab	94.64 ^a	19.44	0.013
Ileum
Villus height	322.52 ^b	328.33 ^b	345.00 ^a	337.74 ^a	341.51 ^a	9.36	0.081
Crypt depth	120.54	119.27	126.38	120.09	128.10	4.06	0.462
VH/CD	2.68	2.75	2.73	2.81	2.67	0.06	0.561
Intraepithelial lymphocyte	67.27 ^b	86.41 ^ab	91.32 ^ab	89.20 ^ab	94.16 ^a	9.12	0.032

Note: ¹ CON, basal diets; ANT, basal diets + antibiotics; PRO, basal diets + probiotics; ABSP, basal diets + Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharides; P-ABPS: basal diets + probiotics + Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharides. ^a,b,c Mean values with different superscripts in the same row differ significantly (p < 0.05). SEM is standard error of mean. n = 6 means data come from six pigs per dietary treatment.