Table 1.
The baseline characteristics of participants.
| Variables | Total (n = 40) | CR (n = 14) | RS (n = 14) | CR–RS (n = 12) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 19.4 (0.6) | 19.4 (0.6) | 19.3 (0.6) | 19.4 (0.7) | 0.840 |
| Sex | 0.938 | ||||
| Female | 25 (62.5) | 9 (64.3) | 9 (64.3) | 7 (58.3) | |
| Male | 15 (37.5) | 5 (35.7) | 5 (35.7) | 5 (41.7) | |
| Body weight status | 0.794 | ||||
| Normal | 17 (42.5) | 7 (50.0) | 5 (35.7) | 5 (41.7) | |
| Overweight and Obese | 23 (57.5) | 7 (50.0) | 9 (64.3) | 7 (58.3) | |
| Feeding patterns | 0.522 | ||||
| Breastfeeding | 27 (73.0) | 9 (64.3) | 11 (84.6) | 7 (70.0) | |
| Not breastfeeding | 10 (27.0) | 5 (35.7) | 2 (15.4) | 3 (30.0) | |
| Mode of delivery | 0.133 | ||||
| Vaginal delivery | 24 (64.9) | 7 (50.0) | 8 (61.5) | 9 (90.0) | |
| Cesarean delivery | 13 (35.1) | 7 (50.0) | 5 (38.5) | 1 (10.0) | |
| Paternal educational level | 0.836 | ||||
| Senior high school or below | 15 (40.5) | 5 (35.7) | 5 (38.5) | 5 (50.0) | |
| Junior college or above | 22 (59.5) | 9 (64.3) | 8 (61.5) | 5 (50.0) | |
| Maternal educational level | 0.942 | ||||
| Senior high school or below | 20 (54.1) | 8 (57.1) | 7 (53.8) | 5 (50.0) | |
| Junior college or above | 17 (45.9) | 6 (42.9) | 6 (46.2) | 5 (50.0) | |
| Monthly household income | 0.068 | ||||
| <5000 RMB/person | 21 (56.8) | 8 (57.1) | 5 (38.5) | 8 (80.0) | |
| ≥5000 RMB/person | 12 (32.4) | 6 (42.9) | 4 (30.8) | 2 (20.0) | |
| Unknown | 4 (10.8) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (30.8) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Outdoor time | 0.790 | ||||
| <1 h/d | 16 (43.2) | 6 (42.9) | 6 (46.2) | 4 (40.0) | |
| 1~<2 h/d | 17 (45.9) | 6 (42.9) | 5 (38.5) | 6 (60.0) | |
| ≥2 h/d | 4 (10.8) | 2 (14.3) | 2 (15.4) | 0 (0.0) |
Data are n (%). CR, calorie restriction; RS, rope-skipping; CR–RS, calorie restriction with rope-skipping. Differences among groups were assessed with χ2 tests or analysis of variance.