Table 3.
Intervention effects on metabolic risk markers.
| Variables | CR (n = 14) | RS (n = 14) | CR–RS (n = 12) | Among-Group p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SBP, mmHg | ||||
| Baseline a | 113 (10) | 115 (8) | 116 (12) | 0.761 |
| 8 weeks a | 118 (11) | 116 (11) | 112 (12) | 0.461 |
| Change a | 5 (9) | 1 (10) | −4 (7) | 0.065 |
| 8-week-adjusted c | 119 (115, 123) | 116 (111, 120) | 111 (106, 116) | 0.058 |
| Within-group p d | 0.075 | 0.695 | 0.090 | |
| DBP, mmHg | ||||
| Baseline a | 75 (9) | 73 (5) | 75 (8) | 0.702 |
| 8 weeks a | 74 (7) | 75 (7) | 73 (10) | 0.696 |
| Change a | 0 (7) | 2 (6) | −3 (7) | 0.180 |
| 8-week-adjusted c | 74 (71, 77) | 76 (73, 79) | 72 (68, 75) | 0.208 |
| Within-group p d | 0.810 | 0.214 | 0.208 | |
| TG, mmol/L | ||||
| Baseline b | 0.87 (0.63, 1.29) | 0.84 (0.71, 1.05) | 0.83 (0.67, 1.11) | 0.993 |
| 8 weeks b | 0.94 (0.72, 1.21) | 0.83 (0.72, 1.26) | 0.97 (0.78, 1.24) | 0.496 |
| Change b | 0.08 (−0.08, 0.15) | −0.08 (−0.19, 0.17) | 0.11 (−0.12, 0.60) | 0.480 |
| 8-week-adjusted c | 0.97 (0.84, 1.12) | 0.90 (0.78, 1.04) | 1.11 (0.95, 1.30) | 0.130 |
| Within-group p d | 0.504 | 0.985 | 0.102 | |
| TC, mmol/L | ||||
| Baseline a | 4.52 (0.70) | 4.39 (0.73) | 4.70 (0.85) | 0.581 |
| 8 weeks a | 4.30 (0.58) | 4.42 (0.89) | 4.42 (0.54) | 0.879 |
| Change a | −0.22 (0.58) | 0.03 (0.65) | −0.29 (0.51) | 0.358 |
| 8-week-adjusted c | 4.31 (4.05, 4.57) | 4.50 (4.24, 4.76) | 4.31 (4.02, 4.59) | 0.492 |
| Within-group p d | 0.188 | 0.872 | 0.080 | |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | ||||
| Baseline a | 1.40 (0.41) | 1.46 (0.31) | 1.49 (0.29) | 0.798 |
| 8 weeks a | 1.39 (0.30) | 1.52 (0.28) | 1.44 (0.28) | 0.504 |
| Change a | −0.01 (0.20) | 0.06 (0.15) | −0.06 (0.16) | 0.239 |
| 8-week-adjusted c | 1.42 (1.35, 1.50) | 1.51 (1.44, 1.59) | 1.41 (1.33, 1.49) | 0.114 |
| Within-group p d | 0.796 | 0.158 | 0.268 | |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | ||||
| Baseline a | 2.79 (0.61) | 2.67 (0.64) | 2.98 (0.79) | 0.505 |
| 8 weeks a | 2.56 (0.46) | 2.66 (0.83) | 2.58 (0.62) | 0.911 |
| Change a | −0.23 (0.51) | 0.00 (0.63) | −0.40 (0.37) | 0.172 |
| 8-week-adjusted c | 2.57 (2.33, 2.81) | 2.75 (2.51, 2.99) | 2.46 (2.20, 2.72) | 0.267 |
| Within-group p d | 0.119 | 0.980 | 0.004 | |
| FPG, mmol/L | ||||
| Baseline a | 4.21 (0.58) | 4.22 (0.30) | 3.93 (0.38) | 0.193 |
| 8 weeks a | 4.27 (0.50) | 4.21 (0.36) | 3.95 (0.42) | 0.159 |
| Change a | 0.06 (0.32) | 0.00 (0.43) | 0.02 (0.43) | 0.915 |
| 8-week-adjusted c | 4.22 (4.04, 4.40) | 4.16 (3.98, 4.34) | 4.06 (3.87, 4.26) | 0.520 |
| Within-group p d | 0.496 | 0.981 | 0.881 | |
| Insulin, mIU/L | ||||
| Baseline b | 10.59 (7.21, 14.42) | 10.13 (8.00, 13.89) | 7.93 (5.20, 11.44) | 0.260 |
| 8 weeks b | 10.20 (7.73, 15.67) | 11.36 (6.72, 14.04) | 9.79 (6.94, 13.05) | 0.630 |
| Change b | 1.03 (−0.54, 2.75) | −1.04 (−3.77, 0.82) | −0.67 (−1.84, 2.24) | 0.330 |
| 8-week-adjusted c | 13.07 (10.66, 15.48) | 11.01 (8.60, 13.42) | 10.18 (7.57, 12.78) | 0.251 |
| Within-group p d | 0.255 | 0.563 | 0.669 | |
| HOMA-IR | ||||
| Baseline b | 1.89 (1.32, 2.91) | 1.96 (1.48, 2.62) | 1.38 (0.90, 2.02) | 0.159 |
| 8 weeks b | 1.95 (1.26, 3.03) | 2.06 (1.25, 2.80) | 1.64 (1.13, 2.22) | 0.491 |
| Change b | 0.13 (−0.22, 0.43) | −0.13 (−0.64, 0.26) | −0.07 (−0.30, 0.39) | 0.412 |
| 8-week-adjusted c | 2.53 (2.01, 3.05) | 2.11 (1.59, 2.63) | 1.82 (1.26, 2.39) | 0.186 |
| Within-group p d | 0.273 | 0.690 | 0.623 | |
| HOMA-β | ||||
| Baseline a | 263.83 (188.64, 880.00) | 280.19 (220.00, 370.40) | 373.47 (266.07, 686.53) | 0.566 |
| 8 weeks a | 367.63 (187.96, 748.70) | 309.30 (236.87, 418.89) | 370.47 (249.18, 758.90) | 0.595 |
| Change a | 52.03 (−73.93, 120.15) | −35.85 (−59.52, 62.71) | −41.38 (−169.59, 66.11) | 0.690 |
| 8-week-adjusted c | 498.26 (293.20, 703.31) | 552.72 (349.09, 756.34) | 540.54 (324.13, 756.96) | 0.931 |
| Within-group p d | 0.889 | 0.959 | 0.842 | |
| UA, μmol/L | ||||
| Baseline a | 390 (124) | 390 (77) | 406 (86) | 0.904 |
| 8 weeks a | 377 (111) | 358 (54) | 375 (64) | 0.785 |
| Change a | −13 (53) | −33 (66) | −30 (90) | 0.727 |
| 8-week-adjusted c | 380 (351, 409) | 360 (332, 389) | 369 (338, 400) | 0.639 |
| Within-group p d | 0.376 | 0.086 | 0.268 |
CR, calorie restriction; RS, rope-skipping; CR–RS, calorie restriction with rope-skipping; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function; UA, uric acid. a Data are mean (SD), p values for among-group differences were calculated using analysis of variance. b Data are median (IQR), p values for among-group differences were calculated using Kruskal–Wallis test. c Data are mean (95% CI), p values for among-group differences were calculated using analysis of covariance, adjusting for baseline value. d p values for within-group differences were calculated using paired sample t-test or Wilcoxon signed rank test.