Table 2.
Summary of statistically significant tumors and increased rare tumors in rats, hamsters, and mice exposed to NMAs (including NDMA), NDEA, and NMBA.
| Tumor Site | Nasal Cavity | Tongue | Oropharynx | Lung | Esophagus | Forestomach | Liver | Kidney | Bladder | Others | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species | R (r) |
H (r) |
M (r) |
R (r) |
H | M (r) |
R (r) |
H | M | R (r) |
H (r) |
M | R (r) |
H (i) |
M (r) |
R (r) |
H (r) |
M (r) |
R (r) 1 |
H (r) |
M | R (r) |
H | M | R (r) |
H (r) |
M | R | H | M |
| NDMA 2 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X3 | X3 | X3 | ||||||||||||||||
| NDEA 2 | X | X | X | X | X4 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X5 | X5 | X5 | ||||||||||
| NMBA 6 | X | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NMA-C2 7 | X | X* | X | X | X | X* | X8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| NMA-C3 9 | X* | X* | X* | X | X | X* | X* | X* | X | X* | X* | X* | X10 | X*,10 | X*,10 | |||||||||||||||
| NMA-C4 9 | X | X* | X | X | X* | X* | X | X* | X* | |||||||||||||||||||||
| NMA-C5 9 | X* | X* | X* | X | X* | X* | X* | X | X* | X | X* | X11 | X | X*,12 | ||||||||||||||||
| NMA-C6 9 | X | X | X | X*,13 | X* | X*,13 | X | X* | X*,12 | X* | X | |||||||||||||||||||
| NMA-C7 9 | X | X* | X | X*,13 | X* | X*,13 | X* | X*,12 | X* | |||||||||||||||||||||
| NMA-C8 9 | X* | X | X* | X* | X* | X* | X* | X* | X | X*,14 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| NMA-C9 9 | X | X* | X* | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NMA-C10 9 | X | X* | X | X* | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NMA-C11 9 | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NMA-C12 9 | X | X* | X* | X | X* | X* | X* | X*,15 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| NMA-C14 9 | X | X | X* | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
R (rat); H (hamster); M (mouse); “X” denotes observation of tumors, “blank” denotes no tumor was observed; “gray” denotes not tested; * statistically significant (p < 0.05) increases of tumor incidence by Fisher pairwise comparison; (r) = rare tumor; (i) = infrequent tumor. 1 Cholangiocarcinoma and hemangiosarcoma of the liver are rare in rats; 2 Tumors reported by NTP (2016) [10], IARC (1978) [34], statistical significance information of tumor incidence was not provided; 3 Bile duct (rat) (NTP 2016, IARC 1978) [10,34]; blood vessel (hemangioma or hemangiosarcoma) (rat, hamster, mouse); ovary (female hamster) (NTP, 2016) [10]; 4 Larynx, pharynx (NTP 2016, IARC 1978) [10,34]; 5 Upper respiratory tract, thymus (thymoma), upper digestive tract, and mammary gland (benign adenoma) (rat); cheek pouch, trachea, and bronchi (hamster); respiratory tract, upper digestive tract, and leukemia (mouse) (IARC 1978; NTP 2016) [10,34]; 6 Lijinsky et al. (1983) [11]; Thomas et al. (1988) [12]; 7 US EPA (2003) [35], OEHHA (2014) [6]; 8 Leukemia (rat) (US EPA 2003) [35]; 9 OEHHA (2014) [6]; 10 Epiglottis (r) (rat); larynx-trachea-bronchial tract*, digestive system* and thyroid* (hamster); larynx-trachea-bronchial tract* (mouse); 11 Esophagus and forestomach combined; 12 Trachea* (r) (rat); 13 No concurrent control, but tumor incidence ≥ 90%; 14 Trachea* (r), and liver hemangiosarcomas (r) (rat); 15 Pancreas (rat).