Table 3.
Summary 1 of genotoxicity findings for NMAs (including NDMA), NDEA, and NMBA.
| Chemical | Mutagenicity 2 | DNA Damage and/or Nucleic Acid or Protein Binding 3 | Chromosomal Effects 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| NDMA | +Rodent mutation assays (in vivo and in vitro); +SLRL mutation assay in Drosophila; +Salmonella and E. coli; +S. cerevisiae | +DNA breaks in human cells (in vitro); +DNA breaks in rodent tissues (in vivo); +UDS in human and rodent cells (in vitro); +DNA adducts in several human cells and tissues (in vitro) and in rodent tissues (in vivo) | +MN in rodent cells and tissues (in vivo and in vitro); +CAs in rodent cells (in vitro); +SCE in rodent tissues (in vivo) |
| NDEA | +Rodent mutation assays (in vivo and in vitro); +SLRL mutation assay in Drosophila; +Salmonella and E. coli; +S. cerevisiae and Neurospora crassa | +DNA breaks in human cells (in vitro); +UDS in rat cells (in vitro); +DNA adducts in several human cells and tissues (in vitro); +DNA, RNA adducts in rodent tissues (in vivo) | +CAs and +SCE in CHL cells (in vitro) |
| NMBA | +Yeast; +Salmonella | NT | NT |
| NMA-C2 | +CHL mutation assay; +Salmonella | +DNA breaks in human cells (in vitro); +DNA adducts in rodent tissues (in vivo) | NT |
| NMA-C3 | +CHL mutation assay; +Salmonella and E. coli |
+DNA adducts in rat tissues (in vivo) | NT |
| NMA-C4 | +Salmonella and E. coli | +DNA, RNA, protein adducts in rat tissues (in vivo) | NT |
| NMA-C5 | +Salmonella | +DNA adducts in rat cells and tissues (in vivo and in vitro); +8-oxodG in rat tissues (in vivo) | NT |
| NMA-C6–NMA-C12 | +Salmonella | +DNA adducts in rat tissues (in vivo) | NT |
| NMA-C14 | NT | NT | NT |
1 See Table S2 for references and additional information on the genotoxicity findings from studies of the NMAs (including NDMA), NDEA, and NMBA. 2 Some negative or equivocal findings in Salmonella assays have been reported for NDMA, NDEA, and NMBA; however, the overall evidence indicates that NDMA, NDEA, and NMBA are mutagenic in one or more strains of Salmonella. 3 Some negative findings in assays of DNA damage and chromosomal effects have been reported for NDMA and NDEA; however, the overall evidence indicates that NDMA and NDEA cause these effects. “+” denotes positive results, NT denotes not tested; SLRL mutations: sex-linked recessive lethal mutations; SCE: sister chromatid exchange; CAs: chromosome aberrations; MN: micronucleus; UDS: unscheduled DNA synthesis; CHL: Chinese hamster lung V79 cells; 8-oxodG: 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine.