Table 2.
Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and phagocytic index in rats in response to oral thiacloprid administration (62.1 mg/kg) and/or astaxanthin supplementation (40 mg/kg) for 60 days.
| Control | ASX | TCP | TCP + ASX | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Log2 HA Titer | 5.6 ± 0.24 | 6.2 ± 0.37 | 4 ± 0.32 ** | 5.2 ± 0.37 *,## | |
| IgM-PFC/106 spleen cells | 1148 ± 35.23 | 1212 ± 33.77 | 835.4 ± 25.71 ** | 1022.4 ± 37.57 | |
| DTH (mm) | 24 h | 0.93 ± 0.01 | 0.95 ± 0.02 | 0.68 ± 0.04 ** | 0.81 ± 0.03 **,## |
| 48 h | 0.53 ± 0.02 | 0.61 ± 0.01 ** | 0.41 ± 0.01 ** | 0.49 ± 0.01 ## | |
| Phagocytic index | 0.032 ± 0.002 | 0.034 ± 0.002 | 0.015 ± 0.001 ** | 0.024 ± 0.001 **,## | |
| IL-1β (pg/mL) | 201.68 ± 3.01 | 195.74 ± 3.18 | 282.41 ± 3.26 ** | 242.02 ± 3.49 **,## | |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 331.33 ± 5.7 | 324.74 ± 5.13 | 390.65 ± 6.85 ** | 343.50 ± 5.28 | |
| IL-10 (pg/mL) | 64.75 ± 1.63 | 65.07± 1.77 | 101.22 ± 2.61 ** | 81.51 ± 2.19 **,## | |
Data are expressed as mean ± SE, one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range test. HA: hemagglutination antibody, PFC: plaque-forming cell, DTH: delayed type hypersensitivity. IL: interleukine, TCP: thiacloprid, ASX: astaxanthin. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 as compared to control. ## p < 0.01 as compared to TCP group.