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. 2021 Sep 17;22(18):10027. doi: 10.3390/ijms221810027

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Metformin sensitized HepG2 and PLC/PRF5 cells to DCA by increasing glycolysis. Intracellular ATP production in liver cancer cells was suppressed by the metformin and DCA co-treatment. (A) Extracellular lactate levels increased significantly at higher metformin concentrations and decreased at higher DCA concentrations in liver cancer cells. The metformin and DCA co-treatment significantly suppressed lactate production compared to the control in liver cancer cells. (B) Intracellular ATP levels significantly decreased when liver cancer cells were treated with metformin or DCA, and co-treated with metformin and DCA, respectively. The metformin and DCA co-treatment significantly suppressed lactate production compared to the single treatment of metformin or DCA alone, and the control. (C) DCA significantly suppressed phosphorylation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex compared to the control in a dose-dependent manner. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001.