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. 2021 Sep 17;22(18):10027. doi: 10.3390/ijms221810027

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Co-treatment with metformin and DCA increased oxidative stress in HepG2 and PLC/PRF5 cells. Liver cancer cells were treated with metformin, DCA, or both for 1 h. (A) Co-treatment with metformin and DCA significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in liver cancer cells compared to the control. (B) Treatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) (10 mM) significantly decreased the cytotoxic effects of the metformin and DCA co-treatment in liver cancer cells. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; and *** p < 0.001.