Table 1.

Plants with antimicrobial characteristics have been utilized in traditional medicine mL [102].

Scientific Name	Plant Parts	Active Principle	Antimicrobial Activity	MIC Value
Aloe vera	S	Latex	Salmonella and Streptococcus spp.	P. aeruginosa: ≤400 μg/mL [103]
Malus sylvestris	FR	‘Phloretin’ a flavonoid	General antimicrobial	P. aeruginosa: 7.81 μg/mL [104]
Withania somnifera	R and L	‘Withaferin A’ a lactone	Antibacterial Antifungal	S. aureus: 250 μg/mL [105]
Aegel marmelos	L, FR and R	Essential oils/terpenoids	Antifungal	A. fumigatus: 15.625 μg/mL
Barberis vulgaris	R and SB	‘Barberine’ an alkaloid	M. tuberculosis, Vibrio cholera, Plasmodium and Trypanosomes	P. aeruginosa: 16 μg/mL Proteus vulgaris: 32 μg/mL E. coli: 32 μg/mL [106]
Ocimum sanctum	a. L and Sb. R	a. Essential oils b. Root extract	a. Salmonella, Ringworm, common cold virus b. In malarial fever to bring sweating	S. aureus: 128 μg/mL [107]
Laurus nobilis	Leaves	Essential oils	Antibacterial and antifungal	E. coli: >22.5 mg/mL, P. aeruginosa: 22 mg/mL [108]
Piper nigrum	S	‘Piperine’ an alkaloid	Fungi, Micrococci, E. coli	C. albicans: 3.125 mg/mL [109]
Bacopa monnieri	WP	‘Brahmine’ an alkaloid	Anthelmintic property	UTI and RTI bacteria: 2.5 mg/mL E. coli: 2.5 μg/mL [110]
Acorus calamus	RH and L	Volatile oils	Enteric bacteria Insecticidal	S. aureus and E. coli: 5–10 mg/mL
Ricinus communis	S	Castor oil	Antifungal (in dermatitis)	S. aureus: 62.5 μg/mL [111]
Cinnamomum verum	BA and L	Essential oils	General antimicrobial	S. aureus: 0.5 μL/disc [112]
Cinchona officinalis	BA	‘Quinine’ an alkaloid	Antimalarial	Helicobacter pylori: 0.1 ng/ML [113]
Capsicum annum	FR	‘Capsaicin’ a terpenoid	Antibacterial	From 10 to 20 μg/mL [114]
Hydnocarpus kurzii		Essential oil	Mycobacterium leprae	Thyme: 1.25 mg/mL [115]
Coriandrum sativum	WP, L, S		Antibacterial Antifungal	Candida albicans: 0.02 mg/mL, E. coli: 0.64 mg/mL [116]
Eucalyptus globulus	L	Tannins and terpenoids /essential oils	Antibacterial Antiviral Antifungal	S. aureus: 64 mg/mL, S. pyogenes: 32 mg/mL, S. pneumoniae: 16 mg/mL, Haemophilus influenzae: 16 mg/mL [117]
Allium sativum	B	Sulfated terpenoids	General antimicrobial	(Methanolic extract) S. aureus: 1.25 mg/mL S. pneumonia: 0.312 mg/mL P. aeruginosa: 1.25 mg/mL K. pneumoniae: 0.312 mg/mL(Ethanolic extract) S. aureus: 2.5 mg/mL S. pneumonia: 0.312 mg/mL P. aeruginosa: 0.625 mg/mL K. pneumoniae: 0.156 mg/mL [118]
Piper longum	FR and L	Piperin	Antibacterial	B. cereus and E. coli: 12.5 mg/mL [102]
Glycyrrhiza glabra		1. ‘Glycyrrhizin’ a terpenoid 2. ‘Glabrol’ an alcohol	1. HIV virus and other viruses 2. M. tuberculosis S. aureus	S. aureus: 50 mg/mL [119]
Calendula officinalis	L FL	Essential oils/Terpenoids	General antimicrobial	S. mutans: 3.12 μg/mL [120]
Mentha arvensis	L	‘Menthol’ an alcohol	AntisepticMouth wash	Acinetobacter baumannii: 23.5 μg/mL [121]
Azadirachtus indica	R, LB, FR, FL	1.‘Azadirachtin’ 2. ‘Nimbin’ 3. ‘Nimbidin’ 4. ‘Gedunin’ 5. ‘Salannin’ 6. ‘Quercetin’	1. Repellant and antifeedant 2. Antifungal 3. Antibacterial, antifungal 4. Anti-malarial, antifungal 5. Repellant 6. Antibacterial, antiprotozoal	Streptococcus sp.: 125 μg/mL S. aureus: 250 μg/mL Enterococcus faecalis: 500 μg/mL [122]
Oleo europoea		‘Hexanal’ an aldehyde	General antimicrobial	S. cerevisiae: 24 μg/mL, [123]
Allium cepa	B	‘Allicin’ a sulfoxide and other sulfated terpenoids	Antibacterial Antifungal	S. aureus: 7 μg/mL [124]
Citrus sinensis	FP, L	Terpenoids	Antifungal	Streptococcus sp.:12.4 mg/mL
Carica papaya	LA, FR	Terpenoids, organic acids, and alkaloids	General antimicrobial	S. aureus: 1250 μg/mL
Butea monosperma	S, L	Tannins	Round worm, Ring worm, Dhobi-itch	Acinetobacter sp: 2.62 mg/mL [125]
Mentha piperita	WP	1. ‘Menthol’ an alcohol 2. Peppermint oil terpenoid	1. General antimicrobial 2. Mouth freshener	Klebsiella pneumonia: 0.4 ± 0.02(v/v) [126]
Papaver somniferum		‘Opium’ an alkaloid	General antimicrobial	K. pneumonia: 2.2 mg/mL C. albicans: 1.1 mg/mL [127]
Solanum tuberosum	T	Potato starch	Antibacterial Antifungal	S. aureus: 0.62 mg/mL, S. pyogenes:1.25 mg/mL [101]
Rauwolfia serpentine	R	‘Reserpine’ an alkaloid	General antimicrobial	S. aureus: 30 mg/mL [101]
Pterocarpus santalinus	W	Terpenoids	Antibacterial, Antiseptic Against skin infections and inflammations	S. aureus: 4 mg/mL
Catharanthus roseus		Ajmalicine, serpentine, reserpine (alkaloids)	General antimicrobial Anti-cancer	E. coli: 12.5 µg/mL
Santalum album	W	Terpenoids, saponins, phenolic compounds	Antibacterial Skin infections TB of gallbladder	S. aureus: 0.078 µg/mL [128]
Centratherum anthelmintium	S		Anthelmintic	E. coli: 0.0020 µg/mL P. aeruginosa: 0.006 µg/mL
Sida cardifolia	WP and R with ginger		Antimicrobial	C. albicans: 8.33 µg/mL
Thymus vulgaris		‘Caffeic acid’, ‘thymol’ and tannins	Antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal	S. aureus: 0.312 mg/mL
Tamarindus indica	PF		GIT infections and toxicity	E. coli: 15 mg/mL and Shigella flexnerri: 10 mg/mL [129]
Curcuma longa	R, RH and L	‘Curcumin’, turmeric oil, terpenoids	Antibacterial, antiprotozoal, Anthelmintic	S. aureus: 190 mg/mL
Salix alba		‘Salicin’, tannins, and essential oils	General antimicrobial	S. aureus: 100 mg/mL
Gaultheria fragrantissima		Tannins and polyphenols	Hook worms, mosquito and fly repellant, anticancer drug	Inhibited growth and aflatoxin B1: 7 at 1.0 and 0.7 µL/mL, respectively [130]
Artemisia maritime	Immature F and L		Anthelmintic (worms and round worms), GIT infections	B. subtilis, S. aureus, Salmonella sp: 0.09mg/mL [131]
Terminalia chebula Terminalia belerica Embilica officinalis	S and FR		S. aureus E. coli P. aeroginosa M. tuberculosis Common cold virus	S. typhimirium: 1 mg/mL, MRSA: 0.25 mg/mL [132]

AE: Aerial part; B: Bulb; BA: Bark; FL: Flower; FP: Fruit peels; FR: Fruit; L: Leave; LA: Latex; LB: leaves bark; R: Root; RH: Rhizome; S: Seed; SB: Stem bark; PF: Pulp of fruit; W: Wood; WP: Whole plant; T: Tuber.