Table 1.
Cardiac Organoids by Direct Assembly: techniques, characteristics, and applications.
| Reference | Cell Source | Aggregation Technique | Functional Assessment | Translational Applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mills et al., 2017 | hiPSC-CMs, Stromal cells | Heart-Dyno: Grow hCOs around two elastomeric posts | Force/contractile analysis, electrophysiology, calcium imaging, metabolic profiling | Cardiac maturation studies |
| Mills et al., 2019 | hiPSC-CMs, Stromal cells | Heart-Dyno: Grow hCOs around two elastomeric posts | Force/contractile analysis | Drug screening: Regenerative responses |
| Mills et al., 2021 | hiPSC-CMs, Stromal cells | Heart-Dyno: Grow hCOs around two elastomeric posts | Force/contractile analysis | Modeling cardiac effects of COVID-19 |
| Voges et al., 2017 | hESC-CMs, Stromal cells | Grow hCOs around two elastic exercise poles | Force/contractile analysis | Cardiac regeneration studies |
| Ronaldson-Bouchard et al., 2018 | hiPSC-CMs, Human DFs | Grow human cardiac tissues around flexible elastomeric pillars | Force/contractile analysis, electrophysiology, calcium imaging, metabolic profiling | Cardiac maturation/adult disease modeling |
| Keung et al., 2019 | hESC-CMs, Human DFs | Grow hvCOC around silicon balloon Foley catheter (custom bioreactor) | Force/contractile analysis | Drug screening: Inotropic responses |
| Kupfer et al., 2020 | hiPSCs-CMs | 3D print hChaMP, culture hiPSCs on construct, differentiate in situ | Force/contractile analysis, pressure/volume analysis, calcium imaging, optical mapping | Medical device testing/tissue grafting |
| Varzideh et al., 2019 | hESC-CPCs, hESC-MSCs, HUVECs | Culture on Matrigel-coated hydrogel | Electrophysiology, voltage-sensitive dye imaging (VSDI) | Transplantation into mice |
| Richards et al., 2020 | Human CFs, HUVECs, hADSCs | Culture in microwells containing agarose hydrogels | Calcium imaging, metabolic profiling, mechanical testing | Myocardial infarction modeling |
| Devarasetty et al., 2017 | hiPSC-CMs, Human CFs | Culture in round-bottom well plates, immobilize in hydrogel | Force/contractile analysis | Drug screening: Chronotropic responses |
| Buono et al., 2020 | hiPSC-CMs, HCMECs, Human CFs | Invert cell suspension, gravity-enforced aggregation (“Hanging Drop”) | Calcium imaging | Modeling hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
| Silva et al., 2020 | hiPSC-mesendoderm progenitor cells | Rotary orbital suspension culture | Electrophysiology, calcium imaging | Modeling multi-tissue interactions |