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. 2021 Sep 14;13(9):3192. doi: 10.3390/nu13093192

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Immunohistochemical staining of CD8+ protein in the duodenal mucosa (CD8+,400X). (a) Duodenal mucosa of a patient with NAFLD at baseline. (b) Duodenal mucosa of a patient with NAFLD after 6 months of probiotics. (c) Duodenal mucosa of a patient with NAFLD at baseline. (d) Duodenal mucosa of a patient with NAFLD after 6 months of the placebo. Red arrows show brownish CD8+ T lymphocytes in the lamina propria. Semi-quantitatively, no significant post-intervention difference was seen in either the probiotics of placebo groups. Staining score: 0: no staining; +: focal staining; ++: regional staining; and +++: no loss.