Figure 2.
Plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) after burn injury promote pro-inflammatory signaling in macrophages. Adult mice underwent a 20% total body surface area (TBSA) burn injury and plasma EVs were collected 48 h after injury. EVs from burn injury mice (Burn EV) or sham injured mice (Sham EV) were applied (3 × 107/well) to splenic macrophages +/− LPS (100 ng/mL) for 24 h. (A–D) Media cytokines were measured by multiplex. Burn EVs cause robust increases in pro-inflammatory (A) IL-6, (B) MCP-1, (C) IL-12p70, and (D) IFN¦Ã in macrophage media. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. sham EVs, t-test. (E,F) Macrophage lysates were harvested, mRNA isolated, and gene changes measured by NanoString. (E) Volcano plot of several genes significantly induced by burn-EVs relative to sham EVs. (F) nSolver pathway analysis scores of changes in measured immune pathways. Burn EVs significantly altered TLR signaling, cytokine signaling, host-pathogen interactions, NFkB signaling, and the innate immune system in macrophages relative to sham EVs.