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. 2021 Sep 21;26(18):5702. doi: 10.3390/molecules26185702

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Mechanism of Vit C uptake and its effects in the cell: Reduced form of Vit C is transported through sodium-dependent transporter (SVCT2) and oxidized form, dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), is transported through GLUT4. Inside the cell, DHA is reduced back to Vit C. Vit C increases levels of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), levels which are a cofactor for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) coupling and important for nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. AA, ascorbic acid; BH4, tetrahydrobiopterin; DHA, dehydroascorbic acid; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; GLUT 4, type 4 glucose transporter; GPX, glutathione peroxidase; NO, nitric oxide; SVCT2, sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 2; Vit E, α-tocopherol: Vit E^., α-tocopheroxyl radical.