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Environmental scenarios and their typical shear ranges.
| Environmental Scenario | Shear Stress (Pa) | Shear Strain (s−1) | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Drinking-water distribution systems | 0.13–9.10 | n.d. | [79,83] |
| Ship in harbor | n.d. | 50 | [84] |
| Ship navigation (turbulent flow) | n.d. | 125,000 | [84] |
| Marine environments | n.d. | 4 and 40 | [71] |
| Tumbling and pouring | n.d. | 10–100 | [84] |
| Channels within a biofilm | n.d. | 60–300 | [84] |
n.d.—not disclosed.
