Table 4.
Examples of industrial processes and their associated shear stress ranges.
| Industrial Equipment or Phenomenon | Shear Stress (Pa) | References |
|---|---|---|
| Pipeline elbows | 0.009 | [99] |
| Dead ends | 0.05–18.9 | [100] |
| Removal of deposits from stainless steel tubes | 0.09 | [101] |
| Corners of a washing tank | <0.1 | [102] |
| Angles of a washing tank | 0.1–0.4 | [102] |
| Mix proof valve | 0–0.25 | [103] |
| Three-way valve | 0.4–1.7 | [104] |
| Half-open butterfly valve | 0–190 | [100] |
| Product fill valve | 0–1180 | [105] |
| Milk spray dryer | 0–0.4 | [106] |
| Cleaning-in-place pilot plant | 0–5 | [107] |
| Plate heat exchanger for yoghurt processing | 6.7 and 20–46 | [108,109] |
| Plate heat exchanger of an ice slurry system | 50–100 | [110] |
| Pilot-scale plate heat exchanger for milk treatment | 150–450 | [108] |