Table 3.
Diameter measurements of calcified plaques in 3D-printed coronary models when compared with the actual diameters.
| 3D-Printed Models | Plaques at Left Main | Plaques at Left Anterior Descending | Plaques at Left Circumflex | Plaques at Right Coronary Artery | p-Value | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD | 2D MIP | 3D VR | 3D VR * | AD | 2D MIP | 3D VR | 3D VR * | AD | 2D MIP | 3D VR | 3D VR * | AD | 2D MIP | 3D VR | 3D VR * | ||
| Model 1 | - | - | - | - | 4 and 3 | 4.07 ± 0.04 3.02 ± 0.04 |
4.29 ± 0.13 3.23 ± 0.09 |
4.21 ± 0.07 3.17 ± 0.03 |
3 | 3.02 ± 0.05 | 3.24 ± 0.01 | 3.13 ± 0.32 | 4 and 2 | 4.11 ± 0.02 2.04 ± 0.05 |
4.44 ± 0.10 2.35 ± 0.02 |
4.41 ± 0.09 2.30 ± 0.60 |
<0.05 0.25–0.78 * |
| Model 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1.09 ± 0.08 | 1.61 ± 0.19 | 1.65 ± 0.13 | 1 | 1.12 ± 0.04 | 1.89 ± 0.08 | 1.84 ± 0.05 | <0.05 0.50–0.78 * |
|
| Model 3 | - | - | - | - | 4, 4, and 4 | 4.12 ± 0.02 4.24 ± 0.01 4.18 ± 0.00 |
4.78 ± 0.04 4.71 ± 0.26 4.59 ± 0.16 |
4.65 ± 0.09 4.48 ± 0.14 4.35 ± 0.08 |
3 | 3.16 ± 0.02 | 3.62 ± 0.09 | 3.53 ± 0.06 | 3, 1 and 2 | 3.24 ± 0.05 1.23 ± 0.04 2.11 ± 0.03 |
3.77 ± 0.04 1.56 ± 0.08 2.58 ± 0.13 |
3.69 ± 0.04 1.44 ± 0.08 2.38 ± 0.09 |
<0.05 0.08–0.26 * |
| Model 4 | 3 | 3.16 ± 0.09 | 3.59 ± 0.11 | 3.75 ± 0.09 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4 | 4.14 ± 0.07 | 4.71 ± 0.13 | 4.55 ± 0.08 | <0.05 | |
| Model 5 | - | - | - | - | 3 | 3.04 ± 0.04 | 3.52 ± 0.16 | 3.26 ± 0.04 | - | - | - | 2 and 1 | 2.05 ± 0.01 1.13 ± 0.03 |
2.73 ± 0.09 1.50 ± 0.04 |
2.53 ± 0.11 1.42 ± 0.04 |
<0.05 0.06–0.09 * |
|
| Model 6 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1.07 ± 0.01 | 1.39 ± 0.08 | 1.29 ± 0.10 | - | - | - | 4 and 3 | 4.04 ± 0.04 3.02 ± 0.01 |
4.67 ± 0.10 3.64 ± 0.11 |
4.43 ± 0.19 3.45 ± 0.16 |
<0.05 0.13–0.28 * |
|
LM—left main, LAD—left anterior descending, LCx—left circumflex, RCA—right coronary artery. MIP—maximum-intensity projection, VR—volume rendering with wide window width to visualise both calcified plaques and coronary lumen, VR *—volume rendering with narrow window width to focus on calcified plaques. The p-value was less 0.5 when comparing measurements on 2D MIP with those on VR images in all of the plaques; the p-value (*) was more than 0.5 when comparing measurements on these two VR images in all of the plaques; AD—actual diameter, - indicates no plaques inserted into these coronary arteries.