Table 1.
CDK and cyclin mutants with their phenotypes.
| Organism | Mutant | Construction | Phenotype | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tobacco | cdc2a | Dominant negative | Reduced histone H1 kinase activity and fewer cells | Hemerly et al., 1995 |
| Arabidopsis | cdc2a | Dominant mutant | Affected embryo formation | Hemerly et al., 2000 |
| Arabidopsis | cdka-1 | T-DNA insert—knockdown | Lethality of the male gametophyte | Iwakawa et al., 2006 |
| CDKA;1.N146 | Expressed from the STM-promoter | Defect in cell expansion | Borowska-Wykret et al., 2013 | |
| Arabidopsis | cdka;1 | Destruction box—dead | Reduction of cross-overs | Wijnker et al., 2019 |
| Tomato | pTPRP-CDKA1 | Overexpression | Fruits with reduced number of seeds and diminished amount of jelly | Czerednik et al., 2015 |
| Maize | CDKA;1D146N | Change fromAsp146 to Asn146 | Reduced endoreduplication but not cell size | Leiva-Neto et al., 2004 |
| Arabidopsis | CDKB1;1.N161 | Antisense gene overexpression | Enhanced endoreduplication | Boudolf et al., 2004b |
| Arabidopsis | CDKB1;1.N161 | Antisense gene overexpression | Defect in formation of stomata | Boudolf et al., 2004a |
| Rice | cdkb1;1 | RNAi | No impact on stomata formation | Qu et al., 2018 |
| Arabidopsis | cdkb2;1 and cdkb2;2 | amiRNAs | Meristematic defects | Andersen et al., 2008 |
| Arabidopsis | cdkd;1 cdkd;3 | T-DNA insert—knockdown | Gametophytic lethality | Hajheidari et al., 2012; Takatsuka et al., 2015 |
| Arabidopsis | cdkd;1 cdkd;2 cdkd;3 | Knockout | Mutant is not viable | Hajheidari et al., 2012 |
| Arabidopsis | cdkd;2-1 and cdkd;2-2 | T-DNA insert—knockdown | Early Flowering | Lu et al., 2017 |
| Arabidopsis | cdkg;2 | T-DNA insert—knockout | Abnormalities during organogenesis | Zabicki et al., 2013 |
| Rice | cyca2;1 | RNAi | Reduced stomatal production | Qu et al., 2018 |
| Arabidopsis | CDKB1;1/CYCA2;3 | Overexpression | Increased endoreduplication | Boudolf et al., 2009 |
| Tobacco | CYCA3;2 | Antisense expression | Callus and embryo malformation | Yu et al., 2003 |
| Arabidopsis | CYCA1;2/TAM | Overexpression | Increased nucleus size in trichomes and guard cell | Jha et al., 2014 |
| Arabidopsis | cyca1;2/tam | T-DNA insert—knockdown | Problem in initiating meiosis II; increased nucleus size in trichomes and guard cell | d’Erfurth et al., 2010; Jha et al., 2014 |
| Arabidopsis | cyca2;134 and cyca2;234 | T-DNA insert—knockdown | Reduced root length and lateral root formation | Vanneste et al., 2011 |
| Arabidopsis | cycb1;1, cycb1;2, cycb1;3, cycb1;4, cycb1;1/1;2, cycb1;1/1;3, cycb1;1/1;4, cycb1;2/1;4, cycb1;3/1;4 | Knockout | No altered root phenotype, but had hypersensitivity to cisplatin | Weimer et al., 2016 |
| Rice | CYCB2;2 | Overexpression | Increased root growth | Lee et al., 2003 |
| Tobacco | AtCYCD2 | Overexpression | Acceleration in development | Cockcroft et al., 2000 |
| Arabidopsis | CYCD3;1 | Overexpression | Increased endoreduplication: switch from cell proliferation to cell differentiation | Dewitte et al., 2003 |
| Arabidopsis | cyd3 | Knockout | Hyperproliferation of cells in leaves, inability to initiate shoots, and reduction in the cross-sectional area of the vascular cambium | Dewitte et al., 2007; Randall et al., 2015 |
| Arabidopsis | cyd3 ant-9 | Double mutant knockout | Reduction in the cross-sectional area of the vascular cambium | Randall et al., 2015 |
| Arabidopsis | CYCD4 | Overexpression | Increase of non-bulging cells | Kono et al., 2007 |
| Arabidopsis | cycd4 | T-DNA insert—knockdown | Reduction of non-bulging cells | Kono et al., 2007 |
| Arabidopsis | cdkf;1-1 | Knockout | Slower growth and smaller, wavy leaves with abnormal serration; decreased cell number and cell size; endoreduplication defects; reduced meristem size; retarded root development | Takatsuka et al., 2009 |