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Lipid abnormalities in atopic dermatitis (AD) and their possible underlying mechanisms. In patients with AD, the composition and organization of lipids, especially ceramides, are altered; thus, the expression and activities of the enzymes associated with ceramide synthesis or degradation are involved. The mechanism has not been fully elucidated, but the involvement of Th2 and Th1 cytokines and that of TNF-α are implicated.
