Table 1.

Evidence in the alterations in mitochondrial dynamics following oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation: in vitro studies.

Study Model	Injury Model	OGD			Reoxygenation			Interpretation	Reference
		Changes in Mitochondrial Dynamics	Mitochondrial Function/Morphology	Cell Survival	Changes in Mitochondrial Dynamics	Mitochondrial Function/Morphology	Cell Survival
Mouse optic nerves	60 min OGD	↓ Drp-1 in cytosolic fraction	-	-	-	-	-	OGD-induced mitochondrial fission	[13]
HT22 murine hippocampal neuronal culture	45 min OGD/5 h reoxygenation	-	↑ Mitochondrial fragmentation	No activation of apoptosis	↑ s-OPA1	↑ Rapid and irreversible fragmentation	↑ Caspase 3/7 activation	An increase in rapid mitochondrial fragmentation and cell death were observed following OGD and OGD/R	[25]
Cortical and hippocampal neuronal culture from 18-day embryonic Sprague-Dawley rats	1 h OGD/24 h reoxygenation	-			Translocation OPA1 mitochondria to cytosol ↑ s-OPA1 (proteolytic process) Breakdown of OPA1 oligomer in mitochondria ↑ Mitochondrial fission	↑ Mitochondria fragmented and with granular appearance	↑ Cytochrome c release	OGD in neuronal cells induced mitochondrial fragmentation and cell death via alterations in OPA1	[33]
Primary astrocytic cultures	3 h hypoxia/10 h reoxygenation	↓ pDRP1 (ser637)	↓ mitochondrial area ↓ mitochondrial length ↓ VDAC ↑ LC3 II content ↓↓ ATP	↓ Astrocytic extensions ↓ Superoxide production	-	↓ mitochondrial area ↓ mitochondrial length ↓ number of mitochondria ↓ VDAC ↑ LC3 II content ↓ ATP	↓ Astrocytic extensions ↓ Superoxide production	Both hypoxia and reoxygenation caused mitochondrial fragmentation in primary astrocytes via increased mitochondrial fission	[31]
Primary cortical neuronal culture	3 h OGD/0.5-24 h reoxygenation	↓ Drp1, ↓ p-Drp1 (ser616) ↓ Mfn2 ⇿OPA1, Fis1	↓ normal mitochondria ↑ poorly labeled mitochondria ↑ swollen mitochondria	↑ apoptotic or necrotic signs	↓ Drp1, p-Drp1 (0.5–24 h of OGD/R) ↓ p-Drp1 (ser616) (3 h of OGD/R) ↑ Mfn1 (1–24 h of reoxygenation) ↓Mfn2 (0.5–24 h of OGD/R)	↑ VDAC (3-24 h of OGD/R) ↑ Complex V protein (1-24 h of OGD/R) ↑ mtDNA (12-24 h of OGD/R) ↑ numbers of large, swollen mitochondria with rupture/loss of internal cristae	↓ neuronal viability	OGD in neuronal cells induced mitochondrial fragmentation and cell death via the imbalance of mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial fusion	[32]

ATP, adenosine triphosphate; Drp1, dynamin-related protein-1; mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA; OGD, oxygen-glucose deprivation; OGD/R: oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation; OPA-1, optic atrophy protein1; s-OPA1: short isoform optic atrophy protein1; VDAC, voltage-dependent anion-selective channel 1.