Table 1.
Association of clinical factors of study population with RBP-4 levels.
| Parameter | OR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| T2D + CAD (n = 150) | T2D-Only (n = 90) | CAD-Only (n = 60) | |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 1.088 (0.983–1.204) | 0.937 (0.825–1.065) | 0.943 (0.328–2.707) |
| FPI (pmol/L) | 0.995 (0.987–1.002) | 1.220 (1.041–1.430) | 0.936 (0.846–1.036) |
| A1C (%) | 0.797 (0.654–0.970) | 1.048 (0.856–1.283) | 0.869 (0.268–2.820) |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 1.317 (1.052–1.632) | 1.728 (0.776–3.845) | 1.214 (0.248–5.939) |
| TC (mmol/L) | 1.017 (0.783–1.230) | 1.345 (1.033–1.589) | 1.476 (0.715–3.047) |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | 2.918 (1.428–3.385) | 0.602 (0.339–1.069) | 1.261 (0.533–2.986) |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | 0.490 (0.300–0.800) | 1.181 (0.265–5.264) | 0.965 (0.750–2.455) |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.402 (1.201–1.702) | 0.740 (0.437–1.255) | 0.983 (0.435–2.218) |
| Hypertension | 0.244 (0.040–1.251) | 1.102 (0.175–6.940) | 3.062 (0.248–7.879) |
| Dyslipidemia | 2.336 (0.708–7.708) | 2.800 (0.548–14.311) | 0.557 (0.096–3.244) |
| Peripheral neuropathy | 0.635 (0.325–1.240) | 1.021 (0.440–2.368) | 5.667 (0.239–19.655) |
| Chronic kidney disease (CKD) | 1.615 (0.691–3.778) | 1.483 (0.526–4.183) | 0.160 (0.009–2.823) |
| Retinopathy | 0.547 (0.255–1.173) | 0.839 (0.338–2.083) | 5.667 (0.778–10.661) |
| Anemia | 0.783 (0.048–12.760) | 0.731 (0.050–2.065) | 4.076 (0.421–40.755) |
| Gastritis | 0.786 (0.333–1.546) | 4.371 (0.437–43.763) | 0.327 (0.026–4.034) |
| Biguanides | 6.400 (2.024–20.237) | 0.613 (0.220–1.705) | – |
| Sulphonylureas | 17.714 (5.812–53.993) | 1.482 (0.590–3.722) | – |
| DPP4i | 8.400 (0.056–34.855) | 1.005 (0.399–2.529) | – |
| AGI | 0.786 (0.045–1.433) | 0.731 (0.088–4.033) | – |
| Meglitinides | 0.786 (0.088–2.113) | 1.031 (0.326–3.264) | – |
| Biguanide + SU | 10.000 (3.240–30.866) | 1.360 (0.539–3.432) | – |
| SU + DPP4i | 9.056 (0.076–65.877) | 0.907 (0.144–5.715) | – |
| Biguanide + insulin | 1.206 (1.093–1.458) | – | – |
| Biguanide + SU + insulin | 1.290 (0.310–5.365) | – | – |
| Biguanide + DPP4i + insulin | 0.021 (0.006–0.043) | – | – |
| Biguanide + SGLT2 + insulin | 1.161 (1.053–1.493) | – | – |
| SGLT2 + insulin | 0.308 (0.034–2.821) | – | – |
| Antiplatelet agents | 4.114 (0.469–36.102) | – | 0.008 (0.002–0.015) |
| ACEI | 0.847 (0.443–1.619) | 0.724 (0.268–1.951) | 0.429 (0.090–2.043) |
| ARB II | 0.530 (0.237–1.187) | 1.052 (0.429–2.579) | 2.909 (0.666–12.708) |
| Calcium channel blockers | 1.041 (0.496–2.182) | 1.235 (0.534–2.859) | 1.818 (0.390–8.466) |
| Beta blockers | 1.106 (0.578–2.114) | 1.029 (0.445–2.377) | 0.318 (0.064–1.574) |
| Alpha blockers | 9.664 (0.099–45.123) | 0.731 0.045–3.912) | – |
| Nitrates | 2.657 (1.331–5.303) | – | 2.629 (0.425–16.263) |
| Fibrates | 7.690 (0.065–33.878) | – | – |
| Statins | 0.040 (0.012–0.077) | 7.760 (0.013–27.112) | – |
| Diuretics | 1.297 (1.141–1.624) | 1.283 (0.522–3.153) | 2.629 (0.425–16.263) |
| Antianginal drugs | 1.983 (0.935–4.205) | – | 0.500 (0.046–5.423) |
| Hematinic agents | 3.925 (0.402–38.903) | 0.676 (0.059–7.735) | 0.380 (0.061–2.354) |
| Cardiac glycosides | 18.444 (2.331–145.961) | – | – |
Computed using binary logistic regression analysis. Bold font indicates significance at p < 0.05. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. The cutoff point of RBP-4 was used in this analysis (<1.604 ng/mL>); ‘–’ indicates not relevant. FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FPI, fasting plasma insulin; A1C, glycated hemoglobin; hs-CRP, high-sensitive C-reactive protein; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; ACEI, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; AGI, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors; ARB II, angiotensin II receptor blockers; DPP4i, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; SGLT2, sodium–glucose co-transporter-2; SU, sulphonylureas.