Table 2.
Association of clinical factors with IR in study population.
| Parameter | HOMA-IR, OR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| T2D + CAD (n = 150) | T2D-Only (n = 90) | CAD-Only (n = 60) | |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 1.160 (1.031–1.306) | 1.010 (0.894–1.142) | 2.570 (1.097–5.773) |
| FPI (pmol/L) | 1.233 (1.146–1.327) | 1.376 (1.197–1.581) | 1.368 (1.167–1.603) |
| A1C (%) | 1.102 (0.913–1.331) | 1.098 (0.896–1.344) | 2.122 (0.759–5.932) |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 2.378 (1.155–4.899) | 1.394 (0.636–3.057) | 3.502 (0.909–13.493) |
| TC (mmol/L) | 0.813 (0.622–1.063) | 1.159 (0.809–1.660) | 0.775 (0.443–1.356) |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | 0.942 (0.650–1.366) | 1.119 (0.675–1.855) | 0.806 (0.405–1.606) |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | 0.738 (0.500–1.089) | 0.702 (0.159–3.100) | 0.524 (0.053–5.140) |
| TG (mmol/L) | 0.973 (0.673–1.407) | 0.799 (0.482–1.324) | 0.627 (0.292–1.342) |
| Hypertension | 0.614 (0.147–2.556) | 1.687 (0.268–10.617) | 6.304 (0.044–19.030) |
| Dyslipidemia | 0.515 (0.176–1.505) | 1.951 (0.456–8.341) | 0.684 (0.149–3.134) |
| Peripheral neuropathy | 0.633 (0.319–1.258) | 0.980 (0.426–2.253) | – |
| Chronic kidney disease (CKD) | 0.990 (0.415–2.359) | 2.645 (0.893–7.831) | 2.867 (0.169–48.744) |
| Retinopathy | 1.319 (0.629–2.768) | 0.879 (0.360–2.147) | – |
| Anemia | 1.596 (0.098–26.032) | – | – |
| Gastritis | – | 1.098 (0.148–8.152) | – |
| Biguanides | 0.750 (0.365–1.540) | 0.689 (0.254–1.870) | – |
| Sulphonylureas | 1.076 (0.496–2.332) | 0.714 (0.292–1.747) | – |
| DPP4i | 0.006 (0.002–0.010) | 1.133 (0.455–2.822) | – |
| AGI | 1.586 (0.066–2.887) | 0.915 (0.052–4.835) | – |
| Biguanide + SU | 1.201 (0.509–2.835) | 0.413 (0.163–1.046) | – |
| SU + DPP4i | 0.012 (0.006–0.030) | 4.718 (0.506–43.984) | – |
| Biguanide + insulin | 0.681 (0.333–1.394) | – | – |
| Biguanide + SU + insulin | 1.630 (0.391–6.787) | – | – |
| Biguanide + DPP4i + insulin | 1.860 (1.043–2.027) | – | – |
| Biguanide + SGLT2 + insulin | 1.033 (0.445–2.395) | – | – |
| SGLT2 + insulin | 2.455 (0.398–15.155) | – | – |
| Antiplatelet agents | 1.454 (1.032–1.895) | – | 6.011 (0.042–36.772) |
| ACEI | 1.444 (1.227–1.868) | 2.353 (0.872–6.351) | 3.800 (1.006–14.351) |
| ARB II | 1.829 (0.845–3.961) | 0.524 (0.214–1.285) | 0.429 (0.123–1.495) |
| Calcium channel blockers | 0.662 (0.303–1.446) | 0.644 (0.280–1.481) | 1.768 (0.488–6.397) |
| Beta blockers | 0.824 (0.426–1.594) | 1.318 (0.575–3.024) | 2.111 (0.509–8.751) |
| Alpha blockers | 2.702 (0.038–16.806) | – | 0.364 (0.033–1.452) |
| Nitrates | 0.768 (0.382–1.544) | – | 0.433 (0.086–2.196) |
| Fibrates | 2.607 (0.028–6.442) | – | – |
| Statins | 0.009 (0.004–0.014) | 15.436 (0.078–66.022) | – |
| Diuretics | 1.699 (0.853–3.384) | 0.750 (0.305–1.843) | 0.433 (0.086–2.195) |
| Antianginal drugs | 0.594 (0.267–1.320) | – | 9.923 (0.950–33.701) |
| Hematinic agents | 1.607 (0.220–11.735) | 0.536 (0.047–6.128) | 2.308 (0.456–11.690) |
| Cardiac glycosides | 0.263 (0.058–1.232) | – | – |
Computed using binary logistic regression analysis. Bold font indicates significance at p < 0.05. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. HOMA-IR cutoff point: 7.17; ‘–’ indicates not relevant. FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FPI, fasting plasma insulin; A1C, glycated hemoglobin; hs-CRP, high-sensitive C-reactive protein; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; ACEI, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; AGI, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors; ARB II, angiotensin II receptor blockers; DPP4i, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; SGLT2, sodium–glucose co-transporter-2; SU, sulphonylureas.