Effects of papain on inflammatory and adipogenic factors in MDI–treated 3T3–L1 preadipocytes. (a) Protein expressions of PPARγ, SREBP–1, C/EBPα and C/EBP β were determined by western blot analysis with specific antibodies. β–actin was used as internal controls. (b) The mRNA levels of TNF–α, IL–6, and IL–1β were determined by qRT–PCR. (c) Protein expressions of p–AMPK and AMPK were determined by western blot analysis with specific antibodies. β–actin was used as internal controls. The mRNA levels of (d) AMPK, LKB1, CaMMK, (e) FoxO1, and SIRT1 were determined by qRT–PCR. Densitometric analysis was performed using Bio-Rad Quantity One® Software. The data shown represent mean ± SD of three independent experiments. ##
p < 0.01, ###
p < 0.001 vs. non-treated group; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. MDI-treated group.