Figure 1.

Presumable effect of bovine lactoferrin (bLf) on the damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP)–Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)–TRAF6–nuclear factor κB (NFκB) signaling pathway. Tissue damage leads to host-derived endogenous DAMPs. The latter activate MyD88-dependent pathway via TLR4 signaling, thus initiating the transcription of cytokines that produce nociception and inflammation. Pre-treatment with bLf prevents inflammation by avoiding the activation of TRAF6, IKK, p38, and p65. This figure was created with Biorender.com (accessed on 25 August 2021).