. 2021 Sep 18;21(18):6264. doi: 10.3390/s21186264

Table 6.

Cardiovascular hemodynamics evaluations. Note: RMSE and MAE are in mmHg.

Studies	Dataset	Input Signal	Cont. ABP	Method	Perf. Eval.	Waveform	SBP	DBP
Tanveer et al. [6]	39 subjects, MIMIC, PhysioNet	ECG + PPG	No	ANN + LSTM	RMSE	N/A	1.26	0.73
					MAE	N/A	0.93	0.52
					R	N/A	0.999	0.998
Wu et al. [7]	27 subjects	ECG + PPG	No		RMSE	N/A	3.404	3.289
Eom et al. [8]	15 subjects	ECG + PPG + BCG	No	CNN + Bi-GRU + Attention	MAE	N/A	4.06 ± 4.04	3.33 ± 3.42
Eom et al. [8]	15 subjects	ECG + PPG + BCG	No	CNN + Bi-GRU + Attention	R²	N/A	0.52	0.49
Sideris et al. [9]	42 subjects, MIMIC, PhysioNet	PPG	Yes	LSTM	RMSE	6.04 ± 3.26	2.58 ± 1.23	1.98 ± 1.06
Sideris et al. [9]	42 subjects, MIMIC, PhysioNet	PPG	Yes	LSTM	R	0.95 ± 0.05	N/A	N/A
Sadrawi et al. [10]	18 Patients, NTUH, Taiwan	PPG	Yes	GDCAE	RMSE	3.46	3.41	2.14
					MAE	2.33	2.54	1.48
					R	0.984	0.981	0.979
Fan et al. [30]	MIMIC II, PhysioNet	ECG	No	BiLSTM + FCN	RMSE	N/A	12.3	6.88
Fan et al. [30]	MIMIC II, PhysioNet	ECG	No	BiLSTM + FCN	MAE	N/A	7.69	4.36
Slapničar et al. [45]	510 subjects, MIMIC III, PhysioNet	PPG	No	Spectro temporal ResNet	MAE	N/A	9.43	6.88
Chowdhury et al. [46]	222 records, 126 subjects	PPG	No	Gaussian process regression	RMSE	N/A	6.74	3.59
					MAE	N/A	3.02	1.74
					R	N/A	0.95	0.96
					MSE	N/A	45.49	12.89
Aguirre et al. [48]	1131 subjects, MIMIC, PhysioNet	PPG	Yes	Seq2seq + Attention	RMSE	8.67	15.96	7.4
					MAE	7.39	12.08	5.56
					R	0.98	N/A	N/A
					R²	N/A	0.39	0.41
Zadi et al. [47]	15 subjects	PPG	No	ARMA	RMSE	N/A	7.21	5.12
Proposed	250 subjects, MGH/MF, PhysioNet	ECG	Yes	MA-UDCAE	RMSE	7.83 ± 0.06	8.99 ± 0.40	4.73 ± 0.13
					MAE	4.95 ± 0.04	6.64 ± 0.35	3.21 ± 0.10
					R	0.94 ± 0.00	0.89 ± 0.00	0.88 ± 0.01