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. 2021 Aug 25;13(9):2941. doi: 10.3390/nu13092941

Table 4.

Overall Cardiometabolic Variables from the Incremental Exercise Substrate Utilization Testing.

ND Pre ND Post ΔND TRF Pre TRF Post ΔTRF Mixed Linear Model Diet
p-Value		 Mixed Linear Model Diet * Intensity
p-Value
VO2 (L·min−1) 2.97 ± 0.65 3.02 ± 0.63 +0.05 ± 0.14 2.97 ± 0.62 2.97 ± 0.61 0.00 ± 0.18 0.09 0.88
VO2 (ml·kg·min−1) 39.98 ± 8.02 40.43 ± 7.92 +0.45 ± 1.50 39.95 ± 7.13 40.04 ± 7.72 +0.09 ± 1.81 0.42 0.98
VCO2 (L·min−1) 2.75 ± 0.71 2.78 ± 0.74 +0.03 ± 0.22 2.79 ± 0.68 2.66 ± 0.68 −0.13 ± 0.12 <0.01 * 0.23
VE STDP (L·min−1) 63.79 ± 18.76 65.37 ± 19.61 +1.58 ± 5.49 64.69 ± 17.72 63.66 ± 18.96 −1.03 ± 4.99 0.08 0.64
RPE (0-10) 3.91 ± 2.43 3.73 ± 2.25 −0.18 ± 0.91 3.80 ± 2.21 3.90 ± 2.29 +0.10 ± 1.11 0.36 0.14
HR (BPM) 159.77 ± 18.13 158. 28 ± 18.39 −1.49 ± 4.66 158.98 ± 18.48 157.74 ± 18.33 −1.24 ± 6.38 0.86 0.28
Lactate (mmol·L−1) 2.02 ± 1.34 2.11 ± 1.57 +0.09 ± 0.75 2.23 ± 1.45 1.91 ± 1.23 −0.32 ± 0.55 0.07 0.02 *
Glucose (mg·L−1) 103.50 ± 10.43 104.52 ± 15.61 +1.02 ± 13.50 104.89 ± 9.38 102.22 ± 11.56 −2.67 ± 9.87 0.19 0.58
RER 0.92 ± 0.07 0.91 ± 0.08 −0.01 ± 0.05 0.92 ± 0.08 0.89 ± 0.07 −0.03 ± 0.03 0.15 0.70
% Fat Oxidation 27.55 ± 26.36 30.30 ± 27.26 −2.75 ± 17.89 28.06 ± 25.79 37.48 ± 24.93 +9.42 ± 10.60 0.11 0.81
% Carbohydrate Oxidation 72.45 ± 26.36 69.70 ± 27.26 −2.75 ± 17.89 71.94 ± 25.79 62.52 ± 24.93 −9.42 ± 10.60 0.11 0.81

Values are means ± SD, n = 15 *, significantly different than ND; p ≤ 0.05, RER, respiratory exchange ratio, RPE, rating of perceived exhertion, VO2, oxygen consumption, VCO2, carbon dioxide consumption, VE, ventelation rate, HR, heart rate.