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Schematic workflow of the meta-analysis. Microarray gene expression data from multiple independent studies was obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The collated data was pre-processed, and a gene expression matrix was constructed and normalized for further analysis. See materials and methods for details. CCA, cholangiocarcinoma; RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase; DEGs, differentially expressed genes; TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas.
