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. 2021 Sep 17;22(18):10073. doi: 10.3390/ijms221810073

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Expression analysis of genes encoding pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and those involved in flavonoid biosynthesis induced following wounding in S. tora leaves. (A) Heatmap analysis of genes encoding PR proteins. (B) Flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in plants. PAL, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; C4H, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase; 4CL, 4-coumaroyl-CoA ligase; CHS, chalcone synthase; CHI, chalcone isomerase; F3H, flavonone 3-hydroxylase; F3′H, flavonoid 3′-monooxygenease; FLS, flavonol synthase. (C) Heatmap analysis of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis. The fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads (FPKM) values for each individual gene were normalized to the Z-score. The heatmap was visualized using the pheatmap package in R. A statistical analysis was performed on the expression levels of each gene expressed at the different times compared with T0 (Tables S4–S5). (D) Accumulation of kaempferol and quercetin. Significant differences compared with T0 are indicated as * p-value < 0.05 (Student’s t test).