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. 2021 Sep 14;13(18):4609. doi: 10.3390/cancers13184609

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Mechanisms of immunosurveillance scape. Including lactate and proton release by cancer cells within the TME and the consecutive immune response, consequences of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) overexpression and hypoxia and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) production by cancer cells on the antitumoral immune response, and lastly Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations in cancer cells, promoting the accumulation of R-2-HG oncometabolite. Dendritic cells (DCs), tryptophan (TRP), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC); Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS); natural killer cells (NK); dendritic cells (DC), regulatory T cells (Tregs).